government response (to rebellions)

what did botha do in june 1985?

declared a state of emergency and sent troops into townships

what happened to houses of known activists?

they were burned down (at least 1 had people inside)

what was used to bulldoze barricades?

police and military vehicles

when was the 1985 state of emergency extended?

in june 1986

what happened as a result of state of emergency being extended in june 1986?

3,000 were arrested in alexandra

what happened to the main ringleaders?

they were put on trial publicly

what did botha do to black-led urban council in alexandra?

sacked it and replaced it with a joint management committee led by the army police and white government

who was sent to alexandra?

soldiers

throughout the next few years, botha moved into what?

direct conflict with the townships, moving towards what became known as his 'total strategy'

describe the government response to the rebellions of 1980s, in terms of state suppression (8 details)

- army sealed off the townships in april in 1986, & houses of activists were burned down

- june 1985, botha declared a state of emergency

- police tactics: imprisonment, banning orders, kidnappings, torture, & murder

- over 3,000 were arrested in june 1986, & 25,000 were detained nationally over course of a year

- may 1986, 1,500 soldiers moved into alexandra & made house to house searches, arresting rebels

- police kept files on local opposition leaders & tried to turn them into informants

- all the key leaders of the alexandra rebellion were arrested and subjected to a public trial

- police force grew from 49,000 to 93,600 members between 1981 and 1991. By 1994 there were 140,000

what did the army do to the townships in april 1986?

sealed them off

what were police's tactics?

imprisonment, banning orders, kidnappings, torture and murder

over course of a year, how many youths were detained nationally?

25,000

how many soldiers moved into alexandra in may 1986 and what did they do?

1500 soliders - made house to house searches, arresting rebels

who did police keep files on and tried to turn them into what?

local opposition leaders - informants

what happened to all the key leaders of the alexandra rebellion?

arrested and subjected to a public trial

how much did the police force grow between 1981 and 1991?

from 49,000 to 93,600 members

by 1994, how many police officers were there?

140,000

describe the government response to the rebellions of 1980s, in terms of casualties (2 details)

- in 3 years of violence in the townships in zululand and natal, 4,000 people were killed

- over 100 transkeians were killed between december 1985 and january 1986 by zulu impis (regiments)

in 3 years of violence in the townships in zululand and natal, how many people were killed?

4,000

how many transkeians were killed between december 1985 and january 1986 and by who?

over 100 - by zulu impis (regiments)

describe the government response to the rebellions of 1980s, in terms of rising conflict in homelands (6 details)

- UDF faced opposition in KwaZulu homelands, especially from inkatha freedom party, the zulu movement

- chief buthelezi, leader of inkatha movement, suppressed school boycotts in KwaZulu homelands

- youth movements in townships were determined not to follow policies of homelands

- chief buthelezi used homeland police to suppress opposition, & also supported inkatha vigilantes

- kaizer matanzima in transkei arrested opposition leaders and banned the methodist church

- in 1987, matanzima was ousted from power in a coup

where and who from did UDF face opposition?

in KwaZulu homelands from inkatha freedom party, the zulu movement

who was the leader of the inkatha movement?

chief buthelezi

what did chief buthelezi do in KwaZulu homelands?

suppressed school boycotts

youth movements in townships were determined to do what?

not follow policies of homelands

how did chief buthelezi suppress opposition?

used homeland police and supported inkatha vigilantes

what did kaizer matanzima in transkei do?

arrested opposition leaders and banned the methodist church

what happened to matanzima in 1987?

he was ousted from power in a coup

describe the government response to the rebellions of 1980s, in terms of law making

in june 1986, the government declared a second state of emergency

describe the government response to the rebellions of 1980s, in terms of state suppression and rising conflict in the homelands

thousands of shacks near the zulu townships were burned to the ground after the inkatha took against them

what happened to thousands of shacks near zulu townships after the inkatha vigilantes took against them?

they were burned to the ground

why were thousands of shacks near the zulu townships burned down?

the inkatha vigilantes took against them

how did the government deal with the rebellion in alexandra?

by sending in army and police, who burned houses, made arrests, public trial, changed the black council for a joint management committee

what were the methods used to suppress opposition between 1985 and 1986?

expansion of the police, mass arrests, imprisonment, banning orders, kidnapping, torture and murder + activists were pressured to become informants

was there conflict between homelands and youth opposition movements? if so, why?

yes - some homeland leaders wanted to protect their power

why did youth opposition movements refuse to work with homelands?

youth refused to be controlled by homeland leaders, because they wanted to be part of a single SA nation + many also resented the homeland leaders' tactics and reliance on national party for power

what were the homelands that experienced the worst violence?

- umbumbulu tribal authority, between transkeians and zulu

- conflict between transkeians and zulu were rife

- matanzima also encouraged the use of ikatha vigilantes to deal with his political opponents

what was the state of south africa by late 1980s?

it was on the verge of a civil war

what was government using by late 1980s to shut down protests and prevent criticism?

army and police

state mechanisms for repression were what by late 1980s?

incredibly violent and costly

why did NP stoke the fear of rebellion in homelands?

to try and encourage the tribal leaders to control the ANC and youth movement for them

what did buthelezi employ to put an end to the rebellion?

violence and inkatha vigilantes

what did matanzima do to end the rebellion in transkei?

- violent repression

- banned methodist church

- stole the body of 'comrade king' after his death to prevent him from having a real funeral

what did botha realise by late 1980s, and as a result, what did he do?

the importance of being pragmatic - he launched 'total strategy', a decision to use not just suppression, but also reform, to try and protect white minority rule, which included relaxing restrictions on the labour market, abandoning large parts of the pass laws, and allowing private ownership of land in townships

describe the 'total strategy' and what it included

botha's decision to use not just suppression, but also reform, to try & protect white minority rule - this included relaxing restrictions on the labour market, abandoning large parts of the pass laws, & allowing private ownership of land in townships