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catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
enzyme
Biological catalyst, protein that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used in the reaction
activation energy
the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
enzyme specificity
enzyme can only bond to one substrate
Example : Maltase on Maltose
amylase
An enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. Secreted by salivary glands and by the pancreas.
factors effecting enzyme action
enzyme concentration; substrate concentration; temperatures and pH
optimal temperature
The temperature at which the enzyme's activity is at its Best. Human = 37 degrees
optimal pH
specific pH, where enzymes work the BEST.
Amylase = pH 7
active site
The site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate.
substrate
The substance that an enzyme acts upon.
inhibitors
Substances that block an enzyme's activity.
Example Nerve Gas
product
The substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction between a substrate and an enzyme
denature
A change in the shape of an enzyme due to excessive temperature or pH
Induced fit
The model for enzymes that states when a substrate binds to an enzyme, the active site can change shape- to aid attachment, like a clasping hand shake.
Lock and Key Theory
Model where the enzyme and substrate fit perfectly- enzyme rigid and unchanged; used to explain enzyme Specificity and Reversibility
immobilised
Enzymes that have been attached to a resin to reduce their ability to move. These enzymes can be used over and over again
continuous flow
Biotechnology process which creates product around the clock
biotechnology
The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes.
bioreactor
a vessel used for industrial fermentation
aeration, pH control, temp control
Ribosomes
Location in the cell where all enzymes are made
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions occuring in the cell
Anabolic
An enzyme reaction that builds up small molecules into larger ones ( Requires energy )
Catabolic
An enzyme reaction that breaks down a large molecule in to smaller ones ( Releases energy )
Protein
All enzymes are made from this type of biomolecule
3D
All enzymes have this structure
Folded
All enzymes have this shape
buffer
substance that maintains a fairly constant pH in a solution
hydrogen peroxide
Substrate used in enzyme experiments. broken down to form oxygen and water
catalase
Enzyme found in most plant (celery) and animal cells that decomposes hydrogen peroxide
Sodium Alginate
Chemical used to immobilise enzymes
calcium chloride solution
used to harden beads in immobilisation
