Untitled Flashcards Set

What are the three parts of an atom?

Electrons, protons, neutrons.

What is found in the center of an atom?

The nucleus.

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

Identify problem, Form Hypothesis, Collect Data, Analyze Data, Form Conclusions.

How is an element different from a compound?

An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom, while a compound is made of two or more different atoms.

What is the simplest form of matter?

Element.

In the reaction C + O2 = CO2, what are the reactants and products?

Reactants: C and O2; Product: CO2.

How are ionic bonds different from covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals, while covalent bonds form between nonmetals.

What are the four macromolecules found in living things?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

What does 'organic' mean in terms of chemistry?

A compound containing carbon.

What are the molecules (monomers) that make up proteins?

Amino acids.

What are the molecules that make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

What are the molecules that make up lipids?

Glycerol and fatty acids.

What are the molecules that make up nucleic acids?

Nitrogen-containing bases, phosphate groups, and sugar molecules.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

What is ATP and what part stores energy?

ATP provides readily releasable energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.

What is the magnification of the eyepiece in a microscope?

10x.

What are the principles of the cell theory?

Cells are the basic units of life, all living things are made of cells, and all cells are produced from existing cells.

What three structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

Chloroplast, cell wall, and large central vacuole.

What is the function of the nucleus?

The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material.

What is the function of mitochondria?

ATP production.

What is the function of the cell wall?

Provides support and protection.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Produces and transports proteins to other organelles.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Converts solar energy into glucose (food) in plants; site of photosynthesis.

What is the function of the Golgi Body?

Packages and secretes proteins for use in and out of the cell.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Makes proteins.

What does it mean when a cell membrane is described as semi-permeable?

Only certain materials can pass through.

What is the difference between Eukaryote and Prokaryote?

Prokaryotes are single cell organisms without a nucleus or organelles, while Eukaryotes are multicellular organisms with a nucleus and organelles.

What are the parts of a phospholipid?

A glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

What structure is made mainly of phospholipids?

Plasma membrane.

What is diffusion?

Movement of a substance from high to low concentration that does not require energy.

What are the characteristics of passive transport?

Does not require energy; includes osmosis and diffusion.

What are the characteristics of active transport?

Requires energy; includes osmosis and diffusion.

What type of molecules can pass through the cell membrane without a transport protein?

Small non-polar molecules.

What is a solution with a high solute concentration called?

Hypertonic.

What is the difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis?

Endocytosis is taking in material by enclosing it in a vesicle, while Exocytosis is expelling contents from a vesicle to the outside of the cell.

What is the difference between Heterotrophs and Autotrophs?

Autotrophs are producers who make their own food, and Heterotrophs are consumers that depend on other sources for food.

What part of the ATP molecule stores the most potential energy?

Bonds between phosphate groups.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis that occur in the light-dependent reactions?

Products: Oxygen, ATP, NADPH; Reactants: H2O.

What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis that occur in the light-independent reactions?

Product: Glucose; Reactants: ATP and NADPH.

Which organelle does photosynthesis take place in?

Chloroplast.

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

What organelle does cellular respiration take place in?

Mitochondria.

What is the result of breaking down glucose at the end of Glycolysis?

Pyruvate and energy.

What is the correct order for breaking down glucose and making ATP?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport.

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?

Reactants: glucose and oxygen; Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

What is an Aerobic process?

A process that requires oxygen.

What is an Anaerobic process?

A process that does not require oxygen.

When does fermentation occur?

Follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.

What are the stages of the cell cycle in order?

G1, S, G2, M.

What are the steps of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

What is cancer?

Some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably.

What are carcinogens?

Substances that cause cancer.

What are male sex chromosomes?

XY.

What are female sex chromosomes?

XX.

How many pairs of autosomes do humans contain?

22 pairs.

How many pairs of sex cells do humans contain?

1 pair.

What is the diploid chromosome number of a human cell?

46 chromosomes.

What is the haploid chromosome number in humans?

23 chromosomes.

What stage of the cell cycle is the longest?

Interphase.

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

To create cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells.

What does mitosis divide?

The nucleus.

What does cytokinesis divide?

The cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells.

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

To produce gametes (sperm and eggs) with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells.

What are the steps of Meiosis?

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2.

What happens in Prophase 1 of meiosis?

Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.

What happens in Metaphase 1 of meiosis?

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

What happens in Anaphase 1 of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

What happens in Telophase 1 of meiosis?

2 daughter cells are formed, each containing only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

What happens in Prophase 2 of meiosis?

Duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell.

What happens in Metaphase 2 of meiosis?

Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.

What happens in Anaphase 2 of meiosis?

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

What happens in Telophase 2 of meiosis?

Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed.

If a species has somatic cells with 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will its gametes have?

16 chromosomes.

What type of reproduction is Mitosis?

Asexual reproduction.

What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

Mitosis produces diploid cells (two identical), while Meiosis produces haploid cells (four genetically different).

What is homeostasis?

The process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

What is reproduction in biological terms?

The production of offspring or cells.

What is a biotic factor?

A living part of an ecosystem.

What is an abiotic factor?

A physical or nonliving factor that shapes an ecosystem.

Why is a hypothesis formed before an experiment?

It helps frame the design of the experiment and the expected results.

What is the experimental group?

Group exposed to treatment.

What is the control group?

Group not exposed to treatment.

What is the independent variable?

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

What is the dependent variable?

The outcome factor that can change.

What is a theory in scientific terms?

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.