Untitled Flashcards Set

3 parts of an atom electrons, protons, neutrons; Found in the center of atom Steps of the Scientific Method Identify problem, Form Hypothesis, Collect Data, Analyze Data, Form Conclusions How is an element different from a compound? An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. Compounds is 2 or more The simplest form of matter element C + O2 = CO2 reactants and products C and O2 How are ionic bonds and covalent bonds different? ionic bonds are between metal and nonmetal; covalent bonds are between two nonmetals 4 macromolecules found in living things carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids "Organic" means a compound containing which element? Carbon Molecules (monomers) that make up protein amino acids Molecules that make up carbohydrates carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Molecules that make up lipids glycerol and fatty acids Molecules that make up Nucleic acids nitrogen-containing bases, phosphate groups, and sugar molecules. Two types of nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) Whats ATP?-composed of?-what part of ATP stores the molecules energy? provides readily releasable energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups. Stores between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups The eye piece has what magnification? 10x What are the principles of the cell theory? Cells are the basic units of life. All living things are made of cells. All cells are produced from existing cells. What three things do plant cells have that animal cells don't? Chloroplast, cell wall, and large central vacuole. Nucleus function The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material Mitochondria function ATP production cell wall function provides support and protection Cell membrane function Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) function produces and transports proteins to other organelles Chloroplast function Converts solar energy into glucose (food) in PLANTS, site of Photosynthesis Golgi Body function Packages and secrets proteins for use in and out of the cell Ribosomes function Makes proteins "Only certain materials can pass through a cell membrane" Semi-permeable Difference between Eukaryote and Prokaryote Prokaryote- single cell organism, no nucleus, no organelles, flagella, invisible to naked eye, no compartments Eukaryote- multicellular organism, nucleus, organelles, visible to naked eye, compartments Prokaryote single cell organism, no nucleus, no organelles Eukaryote multicellular organism, nucleus, organelles, Parts of phospholipid and what structure is made up of mainly phospholipids? consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Plasma membrane is made up of mainly phospholipids. Diffusion Movement of a substance from high to low concentration. Does not require energy Characteristics of Passive Transport Osmosis, Does not require energy, diffusion. Characteristics of Active Transport Osmosis, requires energy, diffusion. Characteristics of Facilitated Diffusion involves transport proteins, does not require energy, moves substances from low to high concentration. Which type of molecules can pass through the cell membrane without a transport protein. Small non-polar molecules A solution that has a high solute concentration hypertonic Endocytosis and Exocytosis difference Endocytosis is the process of taking in material by enclosing it in a vesicle. Exocytosis is where the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and expels its contents to the outside of the cell. Heterotroph and Autotroph difference Autotrophs are producers who prepare their own food. Heterotrophs are consumers who depend on other sources for their food. What part of the ATP molecules stores the most potential energy? Bonds between phosphate groups. Three parts of the ATP molecule adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups Chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Which reactant and product of photosynthesis occurs in the light dependent reaction Products- Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. Reactants- of light-independent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and Carbon Dioxide. Which reactant and product of photosynthesis occurs in the light independent reaction Product- Glucose Reactants- ATP and NADPH Organelle that photosynthesis takes place in Chloroplast Chemical equation for cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Organelle cellular respiration takes place in Mitochondria Result of breaking down glucose at the end of Glycolysis Pyruvate and energy Correct order that break down glucose and make ATP Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport. Reactants and products of cellular respiration Reactants- glucose and sugar Products- Carbon dioxide and water Aerobic Process that requires oxygen Anaerobic Process that does not require oxygen When does Fermentation occur? Follows Glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. G1, S, G2, M Stages of cell cycle in order Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Steps of Mitosis Cancer Some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably. Carcinogens substances that cause cancer Male sex chromosones are XY Female sex chromosones are XX How many pairs of autosomes to humans contain 22 pairs How many pairs of sex cells do humans contain? 1 pair What is the diploid chromosome number of a human cell? 46 chromosomes What is the haploid chromosome number in humans 23 chromosomes Stage of the cell cycle thats the longest Interphase Purpose of Mitosis Create cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells. Mitosis divides the nucleus Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells Purpose of Meiosis to produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells. Steps of Meiosis Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 Prophase 1 Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs. Metaphase 1 Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Anaphase 1 homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell Telophase 1 2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair. Prophase 2 The duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell. Metaphase 2 Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell. Anaphase 2 sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles Telophase 2 Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed If a species has somatic ell with 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will its gametes have? 16 Asexual reproduction is by Mitosis Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis -Mitosis : diploids(two identical) -Meiosis : haploids(four genetically different) Homeostasis process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment Reproduction the production of offspring or cells Biotic factor A living part of an ecosystem Abiotic factor physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem Why is a hypothesis formed before and experiment? they help frame the design of the experiment and the expected results. Experimental group Group exposed to treatment Control group Group not exposed to treatment Independent variable The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Dependent variable The outcome factor; can change. Theory A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data