Near Schools of Psychology

Psychoanalysis Theory

It is the unconscious mind that influences our behavior

Frued, attachment theory, Erikson

ID

Psychoanalysis

pleasure principle

little devil on your shoulder

seeks immediate gratification (impulsive)- (intrusive thought)

EGO

Psychoanalysis

Reality principle

compromise

satisfy your needs within reason

SUPEREGO

Psychoanalysis

conscience

Angel on your shoulder

Moral compass- abides by rules

Freud- 5 stages of Psychosexual Development

This school of behavior is centered around satisfying your sexual energy

part of psychoanalysis

Freud Psychosexual Dev. Stage 1

Oral Stage

age 0-1

sexual energy is focused on the mouth

Key even is feeding

Freud Psychosexual Dev. Stage 2

Anal stage

age 1-3

sexual energy focused on anus/bladder

Key event is potty training

Anal Retentive: holding in - stingy/ introvert

Anal Expulsive: letting it out - extroverted impulsive

Freud Psychosexual Dev. Stage 3

Phallic stage

age 3-6

sexual energy focused on genitalia

key event is discovering anatomical differences

Oedipus/Electracomplex

Freud Psychosexual Dev. Stage 4

Latency stage

age 6- puberty

no sexual energy

kew event is school

sexual energy transferred to social/intellectual growth

Freud Psychosexual Dev. Stage 5

Genital stage

age is puberty on

sexual energy focused on genitalia

key event is wanting a partner

Fixation - Freud

Getting stuck at a stage

individual does not have their needs met at a particular stage (frustration) or they were so satisfied that they don’t want to leave (overindulgence)

Attachment Theory

early bonds formed with caregivers will influence all attachments throughout your life

part of psychoanalysis

Bowlby Harlow Ainsworth

Bowlby

Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis: the relationship between mom and baby is crucial for a child intellectual, social, and emotional development

Harry Harlow

Harlos monkeys: a follow up on Boewlbys maternal deprivation

took baby monkey from mom

2 surrogate mom (wire +food and cloth +no food)

findings: monkey ticks comfort> food

monkey was isolated and no social skills

if it had a baby, they didn’t know how to care for baby

Ainsworth

strange situation test: shows directed relationship between attachment and behavior

mom and baby in playroom, stranger enter/mom leaves

observe how baby react to mom leaving, stranger presence, when mom comes back

Secure attachment

Child stressed when separated, but happy when reunited. Generally mutual trust and support - older = more comfortable alone

Anxious attachment

Child stressed when separated. When parent returns they’re eh - older= uncomfortable alone, tendency to be clingy

Disorganized attachment

child shows a mix of behavior - likely bc of inconsistent caregiving. sometimes they want parent sometimes not - older = unable to regulate/difficulty trusting

Avoidant attachment

child has no preference between caregiver and stranger. could bc of abuse or neglect. hard time with trust - older=commitment issues

Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

personality develops in a predetermined order. - through 8 stages

part of psychoanalysis

Erikson stage 1

0-1.5 yo

Crisis = trust v mistrust

event = feeding/care giving

virtue = trust- can depend on others

failure =mistrust- cannot depend on others

Erikson stage 2

1.5-3 yo

crisis = autonomy v shame

event = potty training

virtue= autonomy - control over their environment

failure = shame- doubt about their abilities

Erikson stage 3

3-5 yo

crisis= initiative v guilt

event= exploration (through play)

virtue= initiative - person feels like they can take charge and have independence

failure- guilt- person feels like a nuisance

Erikson stage 4

5-12 yo

crisis= industry v inferiority

event= school

virtue= competency - sense of achievement/confidence

failure= inferiority -feels less than

Erikson stage 5

12-18 yo

crisis = identity v role confusion

event= social relationships -finding yourself ex sexual identity, interests

virtue= fidelity -you are comfortable in your space in society

failure= role confusion- where do I belong?

Erikson stage 6

18-40 yo

crisis= intimacy v isolation

event= romantic relationships/ friendships

virtue= love- close relationships w people you can depend on

failure= isolation- could be in relationship or in community

Erikson stage 7

40-65 yo

crisis= generatively v stagnation

event= work and parenthood

virtue= purpose- your life has had purpose

failure= stagnation- your life has been unproductive

Erikson stage 8

65+

crisis= ego integrity v despair

event= reflect

virtue= wisdom- people feel closure regarding their lives, die happy

failure= despair- and bitterness that you wasted life

Cognitive Development theory

the way humans problem solve and explore develops in specific stages as the brain naturally develops. Learners need enriching environments to support this development

Piaget, sociocultural theory (vygotsky)

Piaget stage 1

Sensorimotor

0-2 yo

present abilities= 5 senses- exploring, living in the present

skills acquired= object permanence

Piaget stage 2

Preoperational stage

2-7 yo

present abilities = language

skills aquired= symbolic play - expression/ social skills/ problem solving

Piaget stage 3

Concrete operational stage

7-11 yo

skills acquired= conservationism, egocentrism

Piaget stage 4

Formal operational stage

12+

skills acquired= math, can start to think about abstract ideas

Social cultural theory (Vygotsky)

still cognitive development theory, but vygotsky emphasized that human’s cognitive development (learning memory, problem solving) is socially and culturally guided

ex. Teachers your knowledgeable other, helps you learn beyond ZAD

ZPD- what needs o be done to take the learned where they need to be

ZAD- where the learner is right now

Behaviorism

All of your behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment

Watson + little Albert, pavlov’s dog, skinner, bobo dolls

John Watson + little Albert

Watson = father of behaviorism, believes that we are all born with a blank slate and can be molded into anything

Little Albert experiment

kid + white rat kid = happy

kid + rat + loud noise kid = sad

kid + white rat + no noise kid = sad

findings = children can be “conditioned” to fear a previously neutral stimulus

Pavlov +dog

Pavlov said we can learn through association = classical conditioning

• two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response

BF Skinner and Skinners box

Agreed with Ian Pavlov that we can learn through association but he said those associations are between a behavior and a consequence.

Albert Bandura and bobo dolls

experiment

kids w bobo doll w adult

adult was aggressive, kind/ caring, and neutral

finding = kids mimic the behavior they watched

Structuralism

we can break down mental processes into the most basic components. Like how elements make up compounds

Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt

elements of the mind include sensations, mental images, feelings etc. These elements combine to for complex experiences

study through introspection

Functionalism

our mental states and behaviors are purely the result of evolution. all behavior and mental states serve purpose

James

William James

created functionalism as a theory in opposition to structuralism

lang theory of emotion - changes in our environment trigger physiological reactions that we then interpret

ex dizzyness

ex powerpose

Classical conditioning

unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

neutral stimulus

conditions response

Operant conditioning

add something

take something away

punishment= decrease behavior

reinforcement = increase behavior

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that leads to an automatic response

ex food

unconditioned response

the automatic response

ex drooling

neutral stimulus

stimulus that at first elicits no response

ex bell

conditioned response

when the unconditioned response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus