audiology final

What is tonotopic organization

Frequency specific organization. Every frequency/tone gets represented at a specific place on the basilar membrane

The high frequencies occur at the ___ of the cochlea

Base

The low frequencies occur at the ___ of the cochlea

Apex

What is the purpose of pure tone (air+bone)

Purpose is to determine the lowest intensity that a pure tone is heard

Pure tone interpretation

Use both AC and BC testing to make statement

Degree, configuration, type

Which ones are AC used for

AC is used for degree and configuration

Degree, configuration, type

Which ones are BC used for

BC is used for type

Purpose of masking vs unmasked

Masking BC reflects the cochlea of that specific ear, unmasked BC represents the better cochlea on which mastoid it was placed

If both masked and unmasked BC are on the Audiogram, which do you use for interpretation

Masked BC

Speech recognition threshold SRT

Lowest level at which speech words are recognized on average

Speech recognition score SRS

Percent score of correctly heard words

Pure tone average PTA

Average of 3 frequencies (500,1000,2000 Hz)

Ménière’s disease is caused by

Caused by overproduction of endolymph in the inner ear

Ménière’s disease characteristics

Fluctuating low frequency SNHL, vertigo, “roaring” tinnitus, ear fullness

Effects of hearing loss

communication, education, vocational and economic potential as they age into adulthood, social connections

Central auditory processing disorder CAPD

Impaired ability of the central auditory nervous system to manipulate and use acoustic signals. Difficulty interpreting or comprehending auditory information

HL impact on speech: low vs high frequency

May not use sounds like s, sh, f, t, or k due to HL at high frequencies. May not hear their own voice due to HL at low frequencies responsible for: vowel perception, quality of voice, prosody (rhythm/timing)

Conversational speech: ____ dB SPL at ____ Hz to _____ Hz

60 dB SPL at 1000Hz-8000Hz

Most energy for conversational speech

<1000 Hz

Auditory input is best accessed during the years of the greatest

Neural plasticity

Levels of auditory skill development

1. Detection

2. Discrimination

3. Identification

4. Comprehension

Listening and spoken language: 2 approaches

1. Auditory verbal approach

2. Aural/oral

Auditory-verbal approach (AVT)

Family center, evidence based approach for the development of listening, speech, and spoken language in infants and children who are hard of hearing.

Parent-professional partnership is developed: professional teaches parent how to teach their child to communicate using listening for spoken language development.

Nothing other than oral language should be used to stimulate child with HL

Aural/oral approach

Method to help children develop the spoken language and academic skills they need to be successful in a “regular” classroom and work and live in a predominantly hearing society.

Focuses on listening to speech and speaking

Primary mode of speaking should be through ears

Developing speech naturally, speech reading and gestures are normal

3 types of manual communication

ASL

Bilingual-bicultural

Manually coded English

American Sign Language ASL

Visual-spatial language used by deaf/Deaf people in US

Has own grammar, syntax

Uses space, direction, speed of movement, facial expressions to convey meaning

Rule bound

No spoken or written form

Bilingual-bicultural

ASL taught as first language (bilingual)

Information about Deaf life and culture is addressed (bicultural)

Manually coded English (MCE)

Uses some combination of ASL signs, special vocab, and English grammar to visually communicate

Used in educational settings to bridge between sign and English

Speech reading

Person attempts to both the auditory and visual signals, facial expressions, gestures, and cues

EHDI

Public health initiative for UNHS funded by both state and federal

Enrollment in EI

Family support services

All infants should be screened by _____, diagnosed by ____, and those w confirmed HL should receive intervention no later than _____

Screened by 1 month

Diagnosed by 3 months

And receive intervention no later than 6 months

JCIH

Aspires to meet new 1-2-3 timeline

Frequency specific ABR (air and bone)

Click evoked ABR w both rarefaction and condensation

OAE screening

High frequency tympanometry 1000Hz

Individuals w disabilities education act IDEA

Federal initiative to provide early intervention and free and appropriate public education FAPE to all children w developmental/health impairments

Part A- lays foundations and rules/guidelines

Part B- children ages 3-21

Part C- birth to 3

Part D- national support programs administered at federal level

Components of hearing aid

Microphone

Amplifier

Receiver

Battery

Electroacoustic characteristics of hearing aid

Gain - amount of amplification

Frequency response - amount of gain across frequency range of HA

Output sound pressure level - max. output level of HA

Linear sound processing - equal dB increase for all incoming sounds

Non linear sound processing - amount of gain is dependent on intensity of incoming sound (most commonly used)

Styles of hearing aids

BTE, mini BTE, receiver in canal RIC, in the ear ITE, digital hearing aids

Fitting formulas for children

DSL v5

What causes feedback in HA

Volume is too high, earmold not sitting properly/too small, tubing cracked, ITE casing cracked

Ling 6 sound test

Quick listening check that uses 6 speech sounds (m, a, oo, ee, sh, s) to assess if a child w HL can detect sounds across the frequency range

Verification HA

Objective process to ensure HA is programmed correctly for user’s specific HL

Validation HA

Subjective experience and benefits from HA

Questionnaires, interviews, real world performance

Cochlear implants

Surgically implanted device that enhances hearing and speech abilities for individuals w severe to profound HL who demonstrate limited benefit from HA

Bone conduction HA BAHA

For conductive or mixed HL

Greater than 5 yo

Bypasses outer and middle ear

Can be used for unilateral HL

Deaf w capital D

Cultural identity within Deaf community

Own language ASL

Shared values

Pride in Deaf identity

Many prefer not to use amplification

deaf lowercase d

Term that refers to individuals w little to no hearing

May or may not use sign language

More likely to use HAs or CIs