Psychology ch. 2,3,5

neurons

individual nerve cells that carry and process information, activate muscles and glands, and control everything you do

dendrite, soma, axon, axon terminal

What are the parts of a neuron?

dendrite

looks like tree roots, receives messages from other neurons

soma

cell body, sends and receives messages

axon

carries information away from the cell body

axon terminal

looks like branches, they link up with the dendrites and somas of other neurons, this allows information to pass from neuron

neurotransmitters

chemicals that alter activity in neurons are released into the synaptic gap through these

peripheral nervous system

nerve system that carries information from the central nervous system

central nervous system

nervous system made up of the brain and spinal chord

somatic systems

carries messages to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles, controls voluntary behavior

autonomic systems

serve the internal organs and glands of the body, heart rate, digestion, perspiration

sympathetic system

prepares the body for fight or flight during times of danger or high emotion

parasympathetic system

quiets the body and return heart rate, breathing, and digestion to normal

occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal

what are the lobes of the brain

occipital

lobe of the brain that controls vision

parietal

lobe of the brain that controls touch, temperature, pressure, and other sensations

temporal

lobe of the brain located above the ear and controls hearing

frontal

lobe of the brain that controls movement and higher mental function

cerebellum

regulates posture, muscle tone, muscle coordination

amygdala

produces fear, allows us to respond to potentially dangerous stimuli before we know what is happening, and when damaged can cause people to be blind to emotion

hippocampus

forms memories

medulla

controls vital life functions

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operation

what are Piaget's stages?

sensorimotor

0-2; all sensory input and motor responses are coordinated, most intellectual development here is nonverbal

preoperational

2-7; children begin to use language and think symbolically, but their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric

concrete operational

7-11; children become able to use concepts of time, space, volume, and number but in ways that remain simplified and concrete, not abstract

formal operational

11+; thinking now included abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas

zone of proximal development

range of tasks a child cannot master alone even though they are close to having the necessary mental skills; they need guidance in order to complete the task

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

What are Kohlberg's levels of moral development?

preconventional level

moral thinking is guided by the consequences of your actions

conventional level

reasoning is biased on a desire to please others or follow accepted rules, authority, and values

postconventional

moral development is guided by your self-chosen ethical principles, people at this level place high on justice, dignity, and equality

eight

How many stages are there of Erik Erikson's?

eriksons stage one

trust vs mistrust; children are dependent on others and their feedback/care

eriksons stage two

autonomy vs shame and doubt

eriksons stage three

initiative vs guilt; praise or constant criticism

eriksons stage four

industry vs inferiority; being praised or efforts are ignored

eriksons stage five

identitiy vs role confusion; who am i? unsure of future

eriksons stage six

intimacy vs isolation; ability to care for others or being alone

eriksons stage seven

generativity vs stagnation; interest in the next generation or selfish

eriksons stage eight

integrity vs despair; pride in life or remorse and regret

consciousness

all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any given instant

walking consciousness

a state of clear organized alertness

altered state of consciousness

a change in quality and pattern of mental activity; there are shifts in perception, emotions, memory, thinking, caused by alcohol, drugs, sleep loss, dehydration, illness

four

how many stages are there of sleep

stage one of sleep

you lose consciousness and enter light sleep, the heart rate slows, breathing becomes irregular, muscles relax

stage two of sleep

sleep deepens, body temperature drops, EEG shows sleep spindles

stage three of sleep

delta waves appear, they signal deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness

stage four of sleep

most people reach this in an hour, brain waves are pure delta and people are in a state of oblivion

hyptic twitch

a muscle twitch in stage 1 of sleep

REM sleep; rapid eye movement

associated with dreaming, the brain is so active during this that it appears as if the person is awake

REM

dreams are usually longer, clearer, and more bizzarre

the heart beats irregularly, blood pressure and breathing waver, and sexual arousal happens

what happens during REM sleep

NREM

occurs during stages 1,2,3, and 4; it is dream free about 90% of the time

increases after physical assertion and helps body to recover after body fatigue

what can affect NREM and causes it?

tryptophan

an amino acid that increases the serotonin in the brain

stoppage of breathing after longer than 20 seconds, and the person wakes a little, gasps for air, and goes back to sleep. usually accompanied with loud snoring

sleep apnea

substances capable of altering attention, judgement, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception

psychoactive drugs

substance that increases activity in body and nervous system

stimulant

substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system

depressant

occurs after a physical/psychological dependence on a dug

withdrawal

physical illness, anger issues, bad decision making, and change of personality

symptoms of withdrawal

what happens after drug abuse

fatigue, depression, confusion, irritability, and aggression

amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, nicotine

uppers

what are used to treat ADHD

Adderall and Ritalin