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neurons
individual nerve cells that carry and process information, activate muscles and glands, and control everything you do
dendrite, soma, axon, axon terminal
What are the parts of a neuron?
dendrite
looks like tree roots, receives messages from other neurons
soma
cell body, sends and receives messages
axon
carries information away from the cell body
axon terminal
looks like branches, they link up with the dendrites and somas of other neurons, this allows information to pass from neuron
neurotransmitters
chemicals that alter activity in neurons are released into the synaptic gap through these
peripheral nervous system
nerve system that carries information from the central nervous system
central nervous system
nervous system made up of the brain and spinal chord
somatic systems
carries messages to and from the sense organs and skeletal muscles, controls voluntary behavior
autonomic systems
serve the internal organs and glands of the body, heart rate, digestion, perspiration
sympathetic system
prepares the body for fight or flight during times of danger or high emotion
parasympathetic system
quiets the body and return heart rate, breathing, and digestion to normal
occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
what are the lobes of the brain
occipital
lobe of the brain that controls vision
parietal
lobe of the brain that controls touch, temperature, pressure, and other sensations
temporal
lobe of the brain located above the ear and controls hearing
frontal
lobe of the brain that controls movement and higher mental function
cerebellum
regulates posture, muscle tone, muscle coordination
amygdala
produces fear, allows us to respond to potentially dangerous stimuli before we know what is happening, and when damaged can cause people to be blind to emotion
hippocampus
forms memories
medulla
controls vital life functions
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operation
what are Piaget's stages?
sensorimotor
0-2; all sensory input and motor responses are coordinated, most intellectual development here is nonverbal
preoperational
2-7; children begin to use language and think symbolically, but their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric
concrete operational
7-11; children become able to use concepts of time, space, volume, and number but in ways that remain simplified and concrete, not abstract
formal operational
11+; thinking now included abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas
zone of proximal development
range of tasks a child cannot master alone even though they are close to having the necessary mental skills; they need guidance in order to complete the task
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
What are Kohlberg's levels of moral development?
preconventional level
moral thinking is guided by the consequences of your actions
conventional level
reasoning is biased on a desire to please others or follow accepted rules, authority, and values
postconventional
moral development is guided by your self-chosen ethical principles, people at this level place high on justice, dignity, and equality
eight
How many stages are there of Erik Erikson's?
eriksons stage one
trust vs mistrust; children are dependent on others and their feedback/care
eriksons stage two
autonomy vs shame and doubt
eriksons stage three
initiative vs guilt; praise or constant criticism
eriksons stage four
industry vs inferiority; being praised or efforts are ignored
eriksons stage five
identitiy vs role confusion; who am i? unsure of future
eriksons stage six
intimacy vs isolation; ability to care for others or being alone
eriksons stage seven
generativity vs stagnation; interest in the next generation or selfish
eriksons stage eight
integrity vs despair; pride in life or remorse and regret
consciousness
all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any given instant
walking consciousness
a state of clear organized alertness
altered state of consciousness
a change in quality and pattern of mental activity; there are shifts in perception, emotions, memory, thinking, caused by alcohol, drugs, sleep loss, dehydration, illness
four
how many stages are there of sleep
stage one of sleep
you lose consciousness and enter light sleep, the heart rate slows, breathing becomes irregular, muscles relax
stage two of sleep
sleep deepens, body temperature drops, EEG shows sleep spindles
stage three of sleep
delta waves appear, they signal deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness
stage four of sleep
most people reach this in an hour, brain waves are pure delta and people are in a state of oblivion
hyptic twitch
a muscle twitch in stage 1 of sleep
REM sleep; rapid eye movement
associated with dreaming, the brain is so active during this that it appears as if the person is awake
REM
dreams are usually longer, clearer, and more bizzarre
the heart beats irregularly, blood pressure and breathing waver, and sexual arousal happens
what happens during REM sleep
NREM
occurs during stages 1,2,3, and 4; it is dream free about 90% of the time
increases after physical assertion and helps body to recover after body fatigue
what can affect NREM and causes it?
tryptophan
an amino acid that increases the serotonin in the brain
stoppage of breathing after longer than 20 seconds, and the person wakes a little, gasps for air, and goes back to sleep. usually accompanied with loud snoring
sleep apnea
substances capable of altering attention, judgement, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
psychoactive drugs
substance that increases activity in body and nervous system
stimulant
substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system
depressant
occurs after a physical/psychological dependence on a dug
withdrawal
physical illness, anger issues, bad decision making, and change of personality
symptoms of withdrawal
what happens after drug abuse
fatigue, depression, confusion, irritability, and aggression
amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, nicotine
uppers
what are used to treat ADHD
Adderall and Ritalin
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