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The Peace of Augsburg recognized that ________.
the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land
The most successful politique was ________.
Elizabeth I of England
Who did John Knox target in his work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women?
Mary I of England
Who were the three powerful families that sought the French monarchy after the death of king Henry II?
The Bourbons, the Montmorency-Chatillons, and the Guises
The ruler of Spain for most of the later 1500s was _________.
A. Philip II
B. Ferdinand I
C. Charles V
D. Carlos I
Philip II
What is William of Orange known for?
He led the movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain.
Hostilities between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when ________.
the Spanish Armada was sent to invade England
What was the reaction from Europe when the Turks invaded Austria?
The Spanish under Philip II allied with Venice, Genoa, and the pope to defend Europe against the Turks.
Who was deposed after only a few days on the throne as Edward VI's chosen successor in England?
Lady Jane Grey
Queen Elizabeth I was cautious and firm with groups such as the ________ ensuring that nothing lessened the hierarchical unity of the Church of England.
Puritans
The Thirty Years' War began as a(n) ________.
revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king
One of the first actions Ferdinand took as king of Bohemia was to ________.
revoke the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants
By 1600, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was about ________.
equally divided between Catholics and Protestants
The Treaty of Westphalia finally granted Calvinists _________.
legal recognition
What did Mary I of England, Philip II of Spain, and Oliver Cromwell all have in common?
They all sacrificed their political goals by refusing to compromise on religion.
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the ________.
Habsburg-Valois wars
Catherine de Médicis convinced the king to execute the Protestant leaders in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre because she claimed that _______.
a Protestant coup was afoot, and that he must save the crown from an attack on Paris
The French monarchy was hostile towards Protestants until ________.
Henry of Navarre came to power
What event elevated the conflict between Huguenots and the French monarchy into an international issue?
the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
King Henry IV stunned France, Spain, and the pope by ________.
publicly abandoning the Protestant faith and embracing Catholicism
What event caused the Protestants and the Catholics of the Netherlands to unite against a common enemy, the Spaniards?
the Spanish Fury
How did Philip make an example of the Protestant rebels after the Calvinist riots in the Netherlands?
He sent the Duke of Alba to suppress the revolt, which ended in the execution of thousands of suspected heretics.
What agreement did the Dutch Catholics and Protestants come to after the atrocity of the Spanish Fury?
the Pacification of Ghent
How did Spain come to control Portugal's overseas empire in Africa, Brazil, and India?
Philip II inherited the throne of Portugal.
Following the weakening of Spain, which nation dominated Europe in the early seventeenth century?
France
How did Elizabeth I direct a common method of worship throughout her kingdom?
She issued the Act of Uniformity, which mandated that every parish in England receive a revised version of the second Book of Common Prayer.
What substantial changes occurred when Elizabeth I took the throne following Mary I of England?
Elizabeth reversed Mary's harsh restrictions against Protestants in favor of religious tolerance.
How did Elizabeth I treat her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots?
Elizabeth kept Mary under house arrest for nineteen years and then had her executed for treason.
The Thirty Years' War broke out first in ________.
Bohemia
At the end of the third phase of the Thirty Years' War, Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution and struck panic in the hearts of Protestants ________.
everywhere
What was the effect of the Edict of Restitution in 1629?
Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden reacted to the edict by beginning the third phase of the Thirty Years' War.
How was the Peace of Augsburg like the Treaty of Westphalia?
Both agreements established that the ruler of a land may determine the official religion of that land.
Which of the following statements most accurately explains the impact that the fourth period of the Thirty Years' War, the
Swedish-French period, had on Germany?
During the fourth period of the war, French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers looted all of Germany, killing an estimated one-third
of its population.
The Reformation broke out first in the cities of ________.
Switzerland and Germany
In his Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Luther urged the German princes to ___
force reforms on the Roman Catholic Church
Luther's impulse to reform church doctrine focused on _______.
salvation
German Protestant rulers realized the political implications of the demise of the Roman Catholic Church and formed a defensive alliance called the ________.
Schmalkaldic League
The Reformation in Zurich was led by ________.
Ulrich Zwingli
Anabaptists are the sixteenth-century ancestors of which of the following modern groups?
Mennonites and Amish
What event was held in the attempt to unite the Swiss and German Protestants?
the Marburg Colloquy
How did predestination factor into Calvin's theology?
Predestination was central to Calvin's theology.
The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice, which was that _________.
the ruler of a land would determine the religion in his territory
What meeting did Charles V call in which Protestant and Catholic representatives addressed the growing religious divisions within the empire in the wake of the Reformation's success?
the Diet of Augsburg
The Act of Succession ________.
made Anne Boleyn's children the legitimate heirs to the throne
The Book of Common Prayer, written by Thomas Cranmer, was imposed on all English churches by the ________.
Act of Uniformity
Which of the following was an influential women's order founded in 1535 for the religious education of girls from all social classes?
the Ursulines
The new Protestant schools and universities of the 1500s were most likely to teach ________.
the ideas of humanism
For which of the following novels is Cervantes best known?
Don Quixote
What advantage did an indulgence grant the buyer?
release from time in purgatory
The medieval church had always taught that salvation was ________.
a joint venture of the faithful and the clergy
Luther's ninety-five theses ________.
sparked the Reformation in Germany
The Freedom of a Christian, written by Martin Luther, summarized the new teaching of salvation ________.
by faith alone
What was the difference between the teachings on salvation of the Roman Catholic Church and those of Martin Luther?
Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works.
Anabaptists desired ________.
more radical reform than Luther desired and only adult baptism
What was the outcome of the Marburg Colloquy?
The Colloquy splintered the Protestant movement theologically and politically.
What was the goal of the Marburg Colloquy?
to work out differences between Swiss and German Protestants and form a mutual defense pact
How did Poland react to the Reformation?
Poland became a model of religious pluralism and toleration.
The Reformation Parliament met for seven years and determined that ________.
Henry VIII would replace the pope's position over the church in England
One of the most important problems in the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was that ___
Henry VIII needed a male heir
The Council of Trent's most important reforms concerned ________.
discipline within the church
Shakespeare's work can be said to deal with _________.
themes common to all humanity
Which of these patterns appeared in the Reformation?
Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced.
The rationale for Luther's theology was illustrated by his attack on five of the traditional sacraments; he rejected them because they were _________.
Not supported by the Bible
Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________.
agricultural economy and was dominated by the church
Which of the following comprised Florence's popolo grosso in the Renaissance?
capitalists and bankers
Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?
Florence
The first humanists were ________.
orators and poets
Who was known as the "father of humanism"?
Francesco Petrarch
Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance?
Greek studies
Whose most famous painting is the Mona Lisa?
Leonardo da Vinci
The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with ________.
ruthless political expediency
Who sponsored Genoese adventurer Christopher Columbus?
Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain
One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by ________.
editing the works of the Church Fathers
Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries?
England, France, and Germany
What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?
Thomas More
By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ________.
Central Mexico
__________ was by far the most effective and outspoken critic of the Spanish conquerors.
Bartolome de Las Casas
The ________ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the mid-sixteenth century.
Sugar plantations
Social strife and competition for political power became so intense within the cities that most evolved into ________.
despotisms
Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?
The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to the clergy
Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed ________.
The natural world and human emotions
A new style of art called "mannerism," allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her work.
The strange and abnormal
The political alliance known as the Treaty of Lodi did which one of the following?
Brought Milan and Naples into a alliance with Florence
What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French king?
Control over regions in Italy
Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli?
Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means
The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the ________.
Growing cost of warfare
The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________.
monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain.
During an assembly in Worms in 1495, Emperor Maximilian allowed the members to create ________.
a Supreme Court of Justice
The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves, but by the century's end it had
established ________.
A sea route around Africa to Asia's spice market
What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?
To find a shorter route to the East Indies
European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts on Native Americans, including the
________.
Spread of measles and small pox
What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish conquerors?
The need to conquer Native Americans to convert them
Ludovico of Milan's fatal mistake was that he ________
Appealed to the French for help
The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of the _______.
the unification of Spain.
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