theory: vascular sonography lll

Which of the following is the first major branch of the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic artery

Where is the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) formed?

By the union of common iliac veins at L5

What anatomical structure does the IVC pierce to enter the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm’s central tendon

Which organ serves as an acoustic window to visualize the intrahepatic portion of the IVC?

Liver

Which vein drains directly into the IVC and not through the renal vein?

Right gonadal vein

What sonographic feature characterizes acute IVC thrombosis?

Anechoic or hypoechoic lumen material

What maneuver can cause the IVC to temporarily collapse during ultrasound evaluation

Valsalva

What is the maximum normal diameter of the IVC?

2.5cm

What is the most common origin of emboli that travel to the pulmonary system?

Deep vein thrombosis in lower extremities

Which imaging plane best visualizes the complete IVC course?

Sagittal

What is a Greenfield filter used for

Trapping emboli in the IVC

What structure does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

Common iliac arteries

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen?

Celiac trunk

The aortic arch gives rise to how many major arteries?

3

Which segment of the aorta is located between the diaphragm and the iliac bifurcation?

Abdominal aorta

The renal arteries typically arise from which portion of the aorta?

Abdominal aorta

Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of the aorta?

Anechoic with echogenic walls

What is the clinical significance of identifying aortic branches during sonographic evaluation?

To access stenosis or aneurysm

Which artery arises from the aorta just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk?

Superior mesenteric artery

The descending thoracic aorta is located:

Between the diaphragm and aortic arch

Which of the following is the most common location for an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

Infrarenal aorta

An aortic aneurysm is diagnosed when the aortic diameter exceeds:

3.0cm

What type of aneurysm involves all three layers of the arterial wall?

True aneurysm

Which of the following is a classic risk factor for the development of aortic aneurysms?

Smoking

Which pathology involves a tear in the intimal lining of the aorta?

Aortic dissectio

A pulsatile abdominal mass is a common clinical finding in:

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Which sonographic sign is associated with an aortic dissection?

Íntimal flap

What measurement technique is used for AAA in ultrasound

Outer to outer wall

Which of the following complications is most life-threatening in AAA?

Rupture

Endovascular Aortic Repair (EVAR) is primarily used to treat:

Aortic aneurysm

Which segment of the aorta is typically evaluated during an abdominal ultrasound

Abdominal aorta

What patient preparation is required for optimal abdominal aortic imaging?

Nothing by mouth NPO for 6-8 hours

.What is the normal upper limit for the abdominal aorta diameter

3.0 cm

Which transducer is typically used for abdominal aortic ultrasound?

Curvilinear 2–5 MHZ

Which branch of the aorta is the first major unpaired branch?

Celiac trunk

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the aorta measures:

>3.0 cm

What is the most common shape of an aortic aneurysm?

Fusiform (both sides )

A sonographic finding of an intimal flap within the aorta is indicative of:

Dissection

In transverse imaging, the aorta is typically located:

Left of the spine

Why is it important to measure the aorta in both long and transverse views?

To ensure accurate diameter assessment

1- right common carotid artery

2-left common carotid artery

3-right subclavian artery

4-left subclavian artery

5-brachiocephalic branch

6-aortic arch

7-ascending aorta

8-left coronary artery

9-descending aorta

10- subcostal artery

When performing a median arcuate study, the Doppler waveforms are obtained from

above the origin of the celiac axis

Doppler waveforms in the abdomen should be obtained at an angle of ______________________.

Less than 60 degrees

To calculate the resistive index the Doppler waveform is measured at peak systole and ___________________.

End diastolic

An example of a low-resistance signal is the ___________________.

Renal artery

Which control needs to be adjusted to measure the velocity of the blood flow?

Angle correction

Where is the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) formed?

By the union of common iliac veins at L5

What anatomical structure does the IVC pierce to enter the thoracic cavity?

Diaphragm’s central tendon

Which organ serves as an acoustic window to visualize the intrahepatic portion of the IVC?

Liver

Which vein drains directly into the IVC and not through the renal vein?

Right gonadal vein

What sonographic feature characterizes acute IVC thrombosis?

Anechoic or hypoechoic lumen material

What maneuver can cause the IVC to temporarily collapse during ultrasound evaluation?

Valsalva

What is the maximum normal diameter of the IVC?

2.5cm

What is the most common origin of emboli that travel to the pulmonary system?

Deep vein thrombosis in lower extremities

Which imaging plane best visualizes the complete IVC course?

Sagittal

What is a Greenfield filter used for?

Trapping emboli in the IVC

What two veins unite to form the main portal vein?

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

Where does the main portal vein enter the liver?

At the porta hepatitis

What is the normal flow direction of the portal vein?

Hepatopedal

The echogenic walls of the portal vein on ultrasound are due to:

Connective tissue sheath of the portal triad

What is the normal diameter of the portal vein?

Less than 13 mm

Which vessel courses posterior to the pancreatic body and tail?

Splenic vein

Which Doppler finding is most indicative of portal hypertension?

Loss of respiratory variation

What structure is involved in cavernous transformation of the portal vein?

Multiple periportal collaterals

Which vein drains the left third of the colon and ascends retroperitoneally?

Inferior mesenteric vein

The most common site of spontaneous portosystemic shunting is:

Gastroesophageal region

Which of the following is the most common cause of kidney transplant?

Diabetes mellitus

Where are most kidney transplants placed?

Extraperitoneally in the right iliac fossa

What is the primary modality used for initial screening of suspected vascular complications in transplant patients

Ultrasound

What is a normal resistive index (RI) in a transplanted kidne

<0.7

Which of the following is a common postoperative fluid collection following a kidney transplant?

Hematoma

When does acute transplant rejection typically occur?

About 2 weeks post op

Portal vein stenosis following liver transplant most commonly occurs at the

Anastomotic site

Which of the following is a sonographic finding of hepatic artery thrombosis?

Absence of flow

What is the normal direction of flow in the portal vein

Hepatopetal

What is the most common cause of liver transplant dysfunction?

Rejection

The aorta continues to flow in the _____________________ cavity anterior and slightly left of the vertebral column.

Retro peritoneal

Capillaries definition

Minute vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems

Tunica Íntima define

Inner layer of the vascular system

Tunica media define

Middle layer of the vascular system

Anastomosis define

Communication between two blood vessels without any intervening capillary network.

Vasa vasorum define

Tiny arteries and veins that supply walls of the blood vessels

Túnica adventitia define

Outer layer of the vascular system

Vein

Artery

#1 ,2,3,4,,5,6,7

R common carotid, L common carotid , brachiocelephic trunk, L subclavian artery, aortic arch, ascending aorta, descending aorta

The normal diameter of the aorta is less than __________________ millimeters (mm) in men.

23 mm

The inferior mesenteric artery distributes blood to the ______________________.

left transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

The right renal artery passes _________________________ to the inferior vena cava (IVC).

Posterior

The vessel that arises from the anterior aortic wall and takes a parallel course to the aorta is the _______________________.

Sma

Which one of the following vascular structures courses between the aorta and SMA?

Left renal vein

Where do the renal arteries branch from the lateral wall of the aorta?

Inferior to the sma

The IVC courses anteriorly to enter the ________________________.

Correct Answer

Rt atrium

Which vascular structure is used as a landmark in locating the celiac trunk?

SMA

The most common cause of abdominal aneurysms is _____________________.

arteriosclerosis

In patients with massive swelling of the lower trunk and leg edema and a dilated IVC, a(n) _______________ should be suspected

arteriovenous fistula

Choose the tumor that invades the IVC from a connecting vein.

Renal cell carcinoma

The clinical signs of leg edema, low back pain, pelvic pain, gastrointestinal complaints, and renal and liver problems may represent _________________.

Ivc thrombosis

#1?

Abdominal aorta