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Senator John. J Crittenden
who: a senator where: from kentucky what: proposed a resolution in attempt to resolve sectional differences on the eve of the American Civil War. affirmed that union had no intention with interfering with slavery. northern military commanders returned fugitive slaves to their owners. confederacy set slaves to work as military laborers. when: 1861 military adopted plan and begun in Virginia by gNERAL benjamin f. butler
contrabands
what: escaping slaves who were housed by the army in contraband camps and educated in new contraband schools. property of military value that could be confiscated when: 1860s crossed union army lines they were property
Radical Republicans
Who: a faction within the Republican Party that strongly opposed slavery.
What: They advocated for making slavery a central target of the Union war effort, arguing that emancipation was essential for victory.
Where: United States, particularly within Congress and in political discourse.
When: Their influence grew in the early 1860s, particularly during 1862 as military setbacks prompted calls for more aggressive policies against slavery.
Led by Thaddeus Stevens (from pennsylvania) and Charles Sumner. Wanted to disenfranchise large numbers of Southern whites, protect black civil rights, confiscate the property of wealthy whites who aided the confederacy, and distribute the land among the freedmen.
William H Seward
Who: William H. Seward, Secretary of State under President Abraham Lincoln.
What: He advised Lincoln to delay the announcement of emancipation until after a Union military victory.
Where: United States, particularly during the Civil War.
When: Summer of 1862, leading up to the announcement of the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862.
Significance: Seward's counsel was pivotal in Lincoln's decision-making process, reflecting the political strategy behind the Emancipation Proclamation. By waiting for a Union victory, they aimed to present emancipation as a strong, confident action rather than a desperate measure. His influence contributed to the framing of emancipation as both a moral and military necessity, helping to reshape the war’s objectives and bolster public support for the Union cause.
Emancipation Proclamation.
Who: , issued by President Abraham Lincoln.
What: An executive order that declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory.
Where: Applied to the Southern states in rebellion against the Union, but exempted loyal border states and areas under Union control.
When: Signed on January 1, 1863.
Significance: Although it did not immediately free all slaves, the Proclamation transformed the Civil War into a fight for freedom and made the Union Army an agent of emancipation. It marked a crucial shift in Lincoln's leadership and commitment to abolition, fundamentally altering the course of American history and redefining the meaning of freedom in the United States. It also set the stage for the enlistment of Black soldiers in the Union Army, further intertwining the goals of the Union and the abolitionist movement.
Gideon Welles
who: Secretary of the Navy
What: He authorized the enlistment of African Americans to serve on Union warships.
Where: Throughout the Union Navy, with a focus on naval operations.
When: His policies began early in the Civil War, around 1861.
Significance: Welles's decision to allow Black sailors to serve marked a crucial step towards the integration of Black individuals into military roles, paving the way for their eventual enlistment in ground forces. His actions contributed to changing perceptions of Black Americans' capabilities and roles in the military, supporting the broader efforts for their inclusion during the war.
Harry Jarvi s,
who: a Virginia slave who escaped to join the Union Army.
What: He sought to enlist in the Union military and highlighted the struggle for Black soldiers to gain the right to fight on land.
Where: Fortress Monroe, Virginia.
When: His enlistment attempt occurred early in the Civil War, around 1861.
Significance: Jarvis’s determination exemplified the fight for Black military service and foreshadowed the broader acceptance of Black soldiers in the Union Army, emphasizing the changing perceptions of their role in the war effort. His story reflects the shift from exclusion to inclusion in the military and the profound impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on the rights of African Americans.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson
who: a white abolitionist and military officer.
What: He was involved in recruiting Black soldiers for the First South Carolina Volunteers during the Civil War.
Where: South Carolina Sea Islands, specifically in areas seized by the Union Navy.
When: His recruitment efforts began in 1862, but the widespread enlistment of Black soldiers accelerated after the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863.
Significance: Higginson’s work was pivotal in the early integration of Black soldiers into the Union Army, reflecting a shift in attitudes towards Black enlistment and laying the groundwork for more inclusive military policies during the war.
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers,
who: a company composed of free Black soldiers from the North, commanded by Robert Gould Shaw.
What: A notable regiment in the Civil War, recognized for their bravery, particularly during the assault on Fort Wagner.
Where: Fort Wagner, South Carolina.
When: The attack occurred in July 1863.
Significance: Their valor helped challenge prevailing stereotypes regarding the capabilities of Black soldiers in combat, and their story was later immortalized in the 1989 film Glory, highlighting their crucial role in the fight for equality and recognition in the military.
Abraham Lincoln
16th president of the United States. Favored a lenient Reconstruction policy, believing that Southern Unionists could become the nucleus of new, loyal state governments in the South.Proposed extending suffrage to African Americans who were educated, owned property, or had served in the Union Army.
second confiscation act
Who Congress, Abraham Lincoln:
what: liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory and those who escaped to Union lines.
Where: Union-occupied territory
When: July 1862
Why: he act was passed as Congress sought to address the lack of military success and increasing support for emancipation measures.
Significance - It represented a critical step towards emancipation, reflecting the changing attitudes towards slavery and contributing to Lincoln's ongoing struggle with the issue, including earlier actions like the prohibition against returning fugitive slaves and the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia.
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