THE Science 8 Chem Flashcards tracing back to thermal energy
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132 Terms
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
What do the Particle Model of Matter and the Kinetic Molecular Theory do?
They combine to form the basis of our understanding of how matter behaves.
What are the four main points of the Particle Model of Matter?
All matter is made of very small particles
There are spaces between the particles and the amount of space depends on the state of matter
These particles are always moving
The particles are attracted to one another and the strength of the attraction depends on the types of particles.
What does the KMT include that the Particle Model doesn’t?
How matter behaves when the kinetic energy of the particles change.
What is kinetic energy?
The energy of motion
What does the KMT explain?
What happens to matter when the kinetic energy of particles changes.
The difference between solids, liquids, and gases.
What is the 1st part of the KMT?
All matter is made up of very small particles.
What is the 2nd part of the KMT?
There is empty space between particles.
What is the 3rd part of the KMT?
Particles are constantly moving. In liquids and gases, they are colliding with each other and with the walls of their container.
What is the 4th part of the KMT?
Energy makes particles move.
How do particles of a solid move?
They are so tightly packed together they can only vibrate.
How do particles of a liquid move?
They can move by sliding past eachother because they are farther apart.
How do particles of a gas move?
They move around quickly by bouncing off each other or the walls because they are very far apart.
? = ? = ?
More energy = faster movement = particles move farther apart
Particles in __________________ objects have _________________ kinetic energy, and their particles simply vibrate back and forth.
solid, low
Particles in __________________ objects have _________________ kinetic energy and move faster.
gas, high
What is the first step in classifying matter?
Matter → Mixtures and Pure Substances
How do you classify Mixtures?
Mixtures → Mechanical, Suspension, Solutions
How do you classify Pure Substances?
Pure Substances → Compounds, Elements
What do mixtures contain?
2 or more pure substances
What type of properties do Pure Substances have?
They are always the same properties
What is an element?
A pure substance composed of the same type of atom that cannot be broken down/separated into simpler substances.
What is an atom?
The basic building block of matter
Examples of elements
sodium, gold, oxygen
What is a compound?
A pure substance composed of the atoms of at least 2 different elements combined in a specific way.
How are compounds considered pure?
Compounds are chemically bonded together making a unique substance which is pure.
Examples of compounds
carbon dioxide, water, organic molecule
What is a mechanical mixture?
A mixture that contains particles of the different substances that remain clumped together.
What is easy to see in mechanical mixtures?
It is very easy to see each “part” of the mechanical mixture
Examples of mechanical mixtures
granola, crowd of people
What is a suspension mixture?
A mixture that contains particles of different substances that remain partly clumped together.
Examples of suspension mixtures
15 day old milk (sour milk), water and oil
What is a solution mixture?
A mixture that contains particles of the different substances that are completely mixed together.
Examples of solution mixtures
ocean, apple juice
Gold is a(n)…
element
Sugar is a(n)…
Compound
Tomato juice is a(n)…
Suspension Mixture
Sea water is a(n)…
solution mixture
Granola is a(n)…
mechanical mixture
What is a physical property of matter?
A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical identity.
What are the types of physical properties?
Qualitative and Quantitative
What are the characteristics of Qualitative Properties?
no measurements, descriptive words
What are the characteristics of Quantitative Properties?
measurable, assigned a value
What are three qualitative properties of this carrot?
orange body, rough texture, green leaf
What are three qualitative properties of this ring?
shiny, gold base, diamond at the top
Texture is…
qualitative
Viscosity (a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow) is…
quantitative
Density is…
quantitative
Malleability (the quality of something that can be shaped into something else without breaking) is…
qualitative
Odour is…
qualitative
Ductility (the ability of a material to sustain significant plastic deformation before fracture) is…
qualitative
Brittleness (a material's tendency to break or fracture when stressed) is…
qualitative
Conductivity (the degree to which a specified material conducts electricity) is…
quantitative
Temperature is…
quantitative
Solubility (the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance (referred to as the solute) to dissolve in solvent (usually a liquid) and form a solution) is…
quantitative
Mass is…
quantitative
Boiling point is…
quantitative
Colour is…
qualitative
Hardness is…
qualitative
Luster (how a mineral's surface reflects light) is…
qualitative
What happens when you add energy to a material?
You increase the kinetic energy of the particles
What happens during thermal expansion?
The matter expands as it’s temperature increases and the spaces between the particles become larger.
Do the particles change size during thermal expansion?
No, only the spaces between them do
What happens to matter during thermal contraction?
The matter decreases in volume as it’s temperature decreases and energy is removed.
What happens to the spaces between the particles of matter during thermal contraction?
The spaces between the particles become smaller.
What is thermal energy?
The total amount of energy in an object
Does an object have to be hot to have thermal energy?
No, they can be any temperature
What is heat?
Heat is the transfer of energy from one type of matter to another.
How does heat move?
Heat moves from the high energy object to the low energy object.
What is temperature?
The average energy of an object.
If you were to imagine a crowd at a concert, which term (out of thermal energy, heat, temperature) would be the total excitement?
Thermal energy
If you were to imagine a crowd at a concert, which term (out of thermal energy, heat, temperature) would be the transfer of excitement from one part of the crowd to another?
Heat
If you were to imagine a crowd at a concert, which term (out of thermal energy, heat, temperature) would be the average excitement?
Temperature
What is melting point?
The temperature at which a solid turns to liquid.
What is boiling point?
The temperature at which a liquid turns to gas.
What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
How does solid turn into liquid?
Melting
How does solid turn into gas?
sublimation
How does gas turn into liquid?
condensation
How does gas turn into solid?
deposition
How does liquid turn into gas?
evaporation
How does liquid turn into solid?
freezing
What are the two types of changes matter can go through?
Physical and Chemical
What is physical change?
A change in which no new substance is produced. The matter will have the same properties.
What changes can result from a physical change?
Size, shape, change in state
What is chemical change?
A change in matter that occurs when substances combine to form a new substance
What are some examples of a chemical change?
frying an egg, baking
How do you know if a new substance is formed?
The properties or characteristics of the new substance(s) will be different from those of the original substance(s).
What are the 5 clues that a chemical change has occurred?
Light/heat given off, bubbles of gas form, colour change, the change is often irreversible, a solid forms in a liquid
Is concrete hardening a chemical or physical change?
chemical
Is snow melting a chemical or physical change?
physical
What makes up an atom?
Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons
What did alchemists try to do?
They tried to turn common metals into gold, but were unsuccessful.
Can elements be transformed into other elements?
No, elements can not be transformed into other elements.
Who were the first to come up with the ideas of atoms?
Ancient Greeks
What does the word “atom” come from?
It comes from the Greek word “atoma” meaning “uncuttable”
Who came up with the atomic theory, and when?
In the early 1800’s, John Dalton came up with the Atomic Theory
What was the first part of Dalton’s atomic theory?
All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible (can’t be further divided) and indestructible
What was the second part of Dalton’s atomic theory?
All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
What was the third part of Dalton’s atomic theory?
Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms