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Methodological

generalizations leading to prediction, explanation, understanding

Axiological

valuefree, unbiased

Rhetorical

formal, impersonal voice

Epistemological

researcher is independent, reality can be measured

Ontological

reality is objective, singular, separate from researcher

Positivism

application of natural sciences to social reality

Realism

reality independent of the senses that is accessible to the researcher’s tools and theoretical speculations. Categories by scientists = real objects in the natural world.

Numerical description

frequency distribution, percentage, and measures of central tendencies

Causal explanation

meaning of causality, which refers to a concern with establishing causal connections rather than mere relationships.

Prediction

statement about the future based on facts

Nature of Social Reality

what can be known and how

Objectivist

reality is objective, out there, singular, apart from the researcher

Empirical Examination

observation and experiment

Empiricism

knowledge gained through experience

Measurement

assigning symbols, letters, or numbers

Hypothesis testing

informed speculation

Randomization

random allocation

Research protocol

sequence of manipulations

Questionnaire

questions

Deductive approach

relationship between theory and research

Categorical Variable

A variable that represents categories or groups of a phenomenon.

Quantitative Variable

A variable that varies in degree or amount of a phenomenon.

Dichotomous Variable

A categorical variable with two distinct categories or values.

Nominal Variable

A categorical variable that defines a group of subjects.

Ordinal Variable

A categorical variable that is ranked in a certain order.

Discrete Variable

A quantitative variable that consists of countable whole numbers.

Continuous Variable

A quantitative variable that can take an infinite number of values.

Interval Level

A measurement level with an evenly dispersed range of numbers.

Ratio Level

A measurement level that includes an absolute zero.

Independent Variable

Factors that are changed or manipulated in an experiment.

Controlled Variable

Factors that are kept the same throughout the study.

Dependent Variable

Variables that change as a result of the independent variable.

Mediating Variable

Variables that affect one another within a study.

Moderator Variable

A variable that changes the relationship of interest.

Extraneous Variable

Variables that are not intentionally studied in an experiment.

Descriptive Research

A type of research that aims to describe characteristics of a phenomenon or group.

Correlational Research

A type of research that examines the strengths and relationships between two variables.

Survey Research

A method of collecting information from people based on their experiences.

Causal-Comparative Research

Non-experimental quantitative research that seeks to identify cause-and-effect relationships.

Experimental Research

Research that involves true experimentation to establish causal relationships.

Context of the Study

The situation in which the research topic is situated.

Research Gap

An unexplored area within a given topic.

Feasible

Considerations of time, energy, and money in a research project.

Clear

The requirement of clarity in research findings and presentations.

Significant

Relevance and importance of the research results.

Ethical

Concern for the welfare of individuals involved in the research.

General Question

Derived from the overarching research problem.

Specific Question

Anchored on the general question, focusing more directly on particular aspects.

Useful Knowledge

Research outcomes that can help realize value.

Training Skilled People

Research that translates knowledge into skills for individuals.

Creation

Research can lead to the development of new scientific instrumentation.

Co-production of Knowledge

Research that is applicable and beneficial to other fields.

Market Spillover

The effect of a product or market influencing another area.