AP Precalc Test 10/29/25

What values are vertical transformations and does it affect x or y?

They are the values on the outside of f(x) (a and d). They affect the y-values.

What are horizontal transformations and does it affect x or y?

They are the values on the inside of f(x) (b and c). They affect the x-values

What is the formula for transformation functions?

a*f(b(x+c))+d

What needs to be checked before checking the c value?

That the b value is factored out

What does A do? What does the value determine?

It causes a dilation (stretch or compression). If the absolute value of A is over 1, it will cause a vertical stretch by a factor of absolute A and compress if it is less than 1.

What does b do? What does the values determine?

It causes a dilation. It will compress if the absolute value of b is over 1 and stretch if it is below 1 by a factor of 1/absolute b.

What does c do? What does the values determine?

It is a translation right and left. If c is positive, it will move to the left and to the right if it is negative