final

catalyst

catalyst

A(n) ________ is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed or used up in the process.

Enzymes

________ can be denatured by pH conditions that are too acidic or basic.

Pepsin

________ works best at pH 2, the very acidic pH found in your stomach.

Proteins

________ are evolved to work at a particular pH and at a particular temperature.

Tyrosinase

________ is an enzyme used by plants to convert catechol, a colorless and harmless liquid, into benzoquinone, a brownish liquid that kills bacteria.

catechol

a colorless and harmless liquid

benzoquinone

a brownish liquid that kills bacteria

when does this reaction occur?

\n This reaction can only occur in the presence of large amounts of oxygen, such as when a plant is cut and its cells are exposed to the air. This is not rotting; this is the fruit attempting to defend itself from bacteria

substrate.

The substance with which the enzyme reacts is called what?

Notice that the substrates in a reaction are the same as the ____. We just use a different name for them when an \n enzyme is involved. Once an enzyme binds (come together) with the substrate, the enzyme changes shape to either break a substrate into two smaller products or to combine t

reactants

\n Remember that proteins have a folded, 3-D shape, called what?

tertiary structure.

Unfolding the protein in this manner is called what?

denaturing

pepsin

For example, ________ is an enzyme found in the stomach that cuts apart long strands of protein found in meat.

Enzymes

________ are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts.

Catalase

________ will break down the hydrogen and peroxide into water and oxygen.

oxygen

The ________ makes bubbles in the solution.

active site

The area in which the enzyme binds with the substrate is called the ________.

hydrogen peroxide

Most bacteria don't produce catalase, so they can't defend themselves against ________.

Salivary amylase

________ is specific for starch (substrate) and begins to breakdown starches into sugar as you chew the food.

enzyme-substrate

When the enzyme and substrate come together, they form the ___________ complex. (The enzyme can only form this complex with a specific substrate, or sometimes with a few similar substrates)

Catalase

________ is also produced in high quantities in the blood, where oxygen- rich red blood cells produce a lot of hydrogen peroxide.

the substance with which the enzyme reacts is \n called what?

the substrate. (Enzymes bind (come together) with the substrate at \n specific regions and only with a particular substrate)

Adding more enzyme will ______ the speed \n of the reaction and lessening the amount of enzyme will _____ the reaction down.

increase; slow

Cells that use oxygen to make energy build up ___ __, a chemical which can be toxic and even fatal to the cells if produced in excess

hydrogen peroxide

All Eukaryotes (including all plants and animals) use oxygen, so they all must also produce _____. \n

catalase

Most bacteria don't produce _, so they can't defend themselves against ____. It makes an excellent anti-bacterial cleaner for your cuts

catalase;hydrogen peroxide

You will be using _____ as a source of catalase \n and measuring the amount of bubbles produced when you mix it with hydrogen peroxide

potato juice

what are the two types of cells in most eukaryotic organisms

somatic cells and gametes

___ make up the majority of the body parts such as skin, muscles, and organs

somatic cells

gamete

specialized cell designed to join another gamete during sexual reproduction

in animals and plants, gametes are

sperm and egg cells

what phase of the cell cycle is when cells do not divide

interphase

what are the different parts of the interphase phase

G1-the cell grows and gathers energy nutrients S-cell duplicated each chromosome G2-the cell grows a little more

cells can use how many phases to divide? what are they

mitosis and meiosis

mitosis

the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of one cell are divided evenly between two new cells (clone of og cell)

this process is used to generate new somatic cells and how we grow

mitosis

an adult does not have larger cells than a child, the adult has what:

the adult has more cells

what are the 5 phases of mitosis

1-prophase(chromosomes condense) 2-prometaphase(nuclear envelope disappears) 3-metaphase(chromosomes line up) 4-anaphase(sister chromatids separate) 5-telophase(nucleus envelope reforms)

what phase of mitosis is shown in the picture

prophase

what phase of mitosis is shown in the picture

prometaphase

what phase of mitosis is shown in the picture

metaphase

what phase of mitosis is shown in the picture

anaphase

what phase of mitosis is shown in the picture

telophase

cytogenesis is an event that happens during with phases?

anaphase or telophase (In the first Fish picture, you can see the end of cytokinesis, yet the nuclei are just barely reforming (early telophase). In the \n second, cytokinesis has just barely begun, yet the nuclei have almost finished reforming (late telophase). \n To repeat the note above, cytokinesis is an event that happens during anaphase or telophase. It isn't a phase of mitosis. It isn't a phase that follows mitosis. It is only an event and does not define any phase of mitosis

sexual reproduction

combining information from two different organisms to create a new, unique member of the species

organisms undergo “what” to halve the amount of DNA prior to sexual reproduction?

meiosis

____ chromosomes contain the same genes(such as hair color) but can contain different varieties of each gene(blonde vs black)

homologous

Example - You have 46 chromosomes. You received 23 from your mother and the same 23 from your father (though with different varieties on each, such as black and blonde hair color). You have \n 23 x 2 = 46. Each pair counts as a ____

homologous pair

diploid

a cell that had two of each chromosome

haploid

a cell that only has one of each chromosome

meiosis is the process of doing what?

taking diploid cells and creating haploid cells (If you combine two haploid cells (one from each parent), you now have a diploid cell again. Example- Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 x 2). During meiosis, we cut that number to 23 (23 x1). During fertilization (egg meets sperm), the baby gets 23 + 23 = 46. The new human has 46 justlike all humans. If we hadn't done meiosis, the baby would have gotten 46 + 46 = 92!)

in animals, the process of ___ is also how we create gametes(sperm and egg)

meiosis

the purpose of meiosis

is to make haploid cells from diploid cells.

(3)_ usually separate meiosis (becoming haploid) from making gametes (performing sexual reproduction)

plants,fungi, and protists

To engage in meiosis, a cell must first pass through _____ as normal (including replicating the DNA).

Interphase

in meiosis, a cell engages in two rounds of nuclear division called :

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

meiosis 1 steps

Prophase 1: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.Prometaphase 1: nuclear envelope dissapearsMetaphase 1: Homologous pairs line up at the center of the cell.Anaphase 1: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.Telophase 1: Two haploid daughter cells are formed, each with one chromosome from each homologous pair.Meiosis 1 reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid.Meiosis 1 is preceded by interphase, during which DNA is replicated.

_____ is identical to a second round of mitosis. The cell goes through prophase II, prometaphase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II

Meiosis II