PHA 612 LEC (Groups and their Valence Electrons

Group 1A: Alkali Metals

• Valence Electrons = 1

• Common Valence = +1

H - Hydrogen

Li⁺ - Lithium

Na⁺ - Sodium

K⁺ - Potassium

Rb⁺ - Rubidium

Cs⁺ - Cesium

Fr⁺ - Francium

Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

• Valence Electrons = 2

• Common Valence = +2

Be⁺² - Beryllium

Mg⁺² - Magnesium

Ca⁺² - Calcium

Sr⁺² - Strontium

Ba⁺² - Barium

Ra⁺² - Radium

Group 3A: Boron Family / Icosogens

• Valence Electrons = 3

• Common Valence = +3

B - Boron

Al⁺³ - Aluminum

Ga - Gallium

In - Indium

Tl - Thallium

Group 4A: Carbon Family / Crystallogens

• Valence Electrons = 4

• Common Valence = +4, -4

C - Carbon

Si - Silicon

Ge - Germanium

Sn - Tin

Pb - Lead

Group 5A: Nitrogen Family / Pnictogens

• Valence Electrons = 3

• Common Valence = -3

N - Nitrogen

P - Phosphorus

As - Arsenic

Sb - Antimony

Bi - Bismuth

Group 6A: Oxygen Family / Chakogens

• Valence Electrons = 6

• Common Valence = -2

O - Oxygen

S - Sulfur

Se - Selenium

Te - Tellurium

Po - Polonium

Group 7A: Halogens

• Valence Electrons = 7

• Common Valence = -1

F - Fluorine

Cl - Chlorine

Br - Bromine

I - Iodine

As - Astatine

Group 8A or O: Inert, Noble, or Stable Gases

• Valence Electrons = 8

• No Valence or Charge (O)

₂He⁰ - Helium

₁₀Ne⁰ - Neon

₁₈Ar⁰ - Argon

₃₆Kr⁰ - Krypton

₅₄Xe⁰ - Xenon

₈₆Rn⁰ - Rodon

Group 1B: Coinage Metals

Cu - Copper

Ag - Silver

Au - Gold

Group 2B: Volatile Metals

Zn - Zinc

Cd - Cadmium

Hg - Mercury

Group 3B: Scandium Subgroup

Sc - Scandium

Y - Yttrium

La-Lu - Lanthanum to Lutetium (Lathanide Series)

Ac-Lr - Actinium to Lawrencium (Actinide Series)

Group 4B: Titanium Subgroup

Ti - Titanium

Zr - Zirconium

Hf - Hafnium

Group 5B: Vanadium Subgroup

V - Vanadium

Nb - Niobium

Ta - Tantalum

Group 6B: Chromium Subgroup

Cr - Chromium

Mo - Molybdenum

W - Tungsten

Group 7B: Manganese Subgroup

Mn - Manganese

Tc - Technetium

Re - Rhenium

Bh - Bohrium

Group 8B: First Triad or Iron Triad

Fe - Iron

Co - Cobalt

Ni - Nickel

Group 8B: Second Triad or Light Triad

Rh - Rhodium

Ru - Ruthenium

Pd - Palladium

Group 8B: Third Triad or Heavy Triad

Os - Osmium

Ir - Iridium

Pt - Platinum