Entomology Exam 2

Coleoptera

Beetles: ladybug, firefly, dung beetle

Diptera

True flies: house fly, mosquito, fruit fly, hover flies

Lepidoptera

Butterflies and moths

Hymenoptera

Bees, wasps, ants

Hemiptera

True bugs, aphids, cicadas, hoppers

Orthoptera

Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

Blattodea

Cockroaches, termites

Odonata

Dragonflies, Damselflies

Plecoptera

Stoneflies

Ephemeroptera

Mayflies

Phasmatodea

Stick insects, walking sticks, leaf insects

Mantodea

Mantids

Siphonaptera

Fleas

Dermaptera

Earwigs

Mecoptera

Scorpionflies, hanging flies

Zygentoma

Silverfish, firebrats

Oviparous

Egg laying insect

Chorion

Protective outer layer of egg secreted by mother

Micropyle

Small opening at the anterior end that allows sperm to enter

Aeropyles

Pores for gas exchange that minimizes water loss

Vitelline Membrane

Membrane beneath chorion that encloses yolk and egg cell

Yolk

Nutrients from mom

Polyspermy

Penetration by multiple sperm

Syncytial cleavage

Division of nucleus, creates energids

Energids

Free floating nuclei, each with a bit of cytoplasm

Cellular blastoderm

Cell membranes that form around each nucleus creating a single layer of cells

Vitellophages

Cells that remain behind to digest yolk

Zygotic gene activation

Once the cellular blastoderm is form, zygote begins to transcribe its own genes

Germ band

Region of blastopore that thickens and will develop into embryo

Gastrulation

Germ layer formation

Ectoderm

Outer layer that will become skin, NS, ect

Mesoderm

Middle/inner layer that will become muscles, heart, ect

Endoderm

Inner layer that will become midgut

Imaginal discs

Clusters of undifferentiated cells, will develop into adult structures like wings, legs, eyes

Ametabolous metamorphosis

Insects hatch as miniature sexually immature version of adult, molts to increase size, primarly wingless

Ametabolous orders

Zygentoma, Archaeognatha, Collembola, Diplura

Hemimetabolous metamorphosis

Gradual change from juveniles to adults across several molts, juveniles often resemble adults and share habitat/food, develop wings later, no pupal stage

Hemimetabolous orders

Odonata, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Mantodea, Blattodea, Piecoptera

Holometabolous metamorphosis

Four distinct life stages of egg, larva, pupa, and imago.

Imago

Adult stage of Holometabolous

Holometabolous orders

Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera

Integument

Body wall of insect, exoskeleton

Epidermis

Living inner layer of epidermis that secretes cuticle

Cuticle

Non living outer layer of epidermis made of chitin and proteins

Sclerotization

Epidermis chemically hardens parts of cuticle into rigid plates called sclerite. Creates joints and allows for movement

Epicuticle

Outer layer of cuticle, made of proteins and lipids, primary barrier against water loss

Procuticle

Inner, thicker, layer of cuticle made of chitin and protein, provdes structural support and strength

Exocuticle

Outer layer of procuticle, hardened, sclerotized

Endocuticle

Inner layer of procuticle