Bio topic 2

function of cell surface membrane

regulates movement of substances in and out of cell. Has receptor molecules on it that allow it to respond to chemicals eg hormones

function of nucleus

Controls transcription. Contains instructions to make proteins.

Function of nuclear pore

Allows RNA to move between nucleus and cytoplasm

Function of mitochondria

site of aerobic respiration

function of chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

Function of Golgi apparatus

processes and packages new lipids and proteins. Makes lysosomes

Function of Golgi vesicle

stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus and transports them out of cell

function of lysosome

Contains digestive enzyme lysozyme. Used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell.

function of RER

folds and processes proteins that have been made at ribosomes

function of SER

synthesises and processes lipids

5 features found in all prokaryotic cells

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, circular dna, 70s ribosomes, murein cell wall

Transmission electron microscope

use electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons which is transmitted through the specimen. Denser parts absorb more so look darker. Very high resolution but can only be used on thin non living specimen

scanning electron microscope

scans a beam of electrons across specimen. Knocks off electrons which are gathered in a cathode ray tube to form image. Can be used on thick specimens and show 3D. Lower res than TEM. Non living only

anagram for cell fractionation

naughty clever monkeys like eating red raspberries

Mitotic index

number of cells with visable chromosomes/total number of cells observed

Reason for adding hydrochloric acid to root tip

to break tissues into individual cells

When 2 solutions have the same water potential

Isotonic

Hypotonic

solutions with a higher water potential

hypertonic

when the solution has a lower water potential compared compared to the inside of the cell

When a pathogen is engulfed it forms…

phagocytic vacuole

Monoclonal antibodies

antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B-cells (plasma cells)

Direct ELISA test for

testing for antigen

Indirect ELISA test for

testing for antibody