Anatomy & Physiology

Study guide for unit one summative review.

Foramen

An opening or hole in a bone or other anatomical structure. They serve as passageways for nerves, blood vessels, and other vital structures connecting different regions of the body.

Axial

The central core of the body.

Osteocytes

Cells responsible for the maintenance of the bony matrix.

Osteoblast

Cells that form new bones and grow/heal existing bones.

Osteoclast

Cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

Appendicular

Relating to appendages of a body.

Posterior

Back side.

Anterior

Front side.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at the ankle, so that the foot point more superiorly.

Plantar Flexion

Extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly.

Pronation

Leaning inward.

Supination

Outward and upward movement.

Elevation

Movement in the superior direction (Shrug).

Depression

Movement in an inferior direction.

Cardiac Muscle

Makes up the thick middle layer of the heart.

Smooth Muscle

An involuntary, non-striated muscle.

Transverse Plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Frontal Plane

An imaginary vertical plane that divides the body into front and back (Anterior and posterior) sections.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

Skeletal Muscle

A highly organized tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers which contain several myofibrils.

Supination

Leaning outward.

Proximal

Closer point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from attachment.

Medial

Towards the midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Superficial

Structures closer to the body’s surface.

Deep

Structures farther from the surface.

Coronal/Frontal

Separates the front from the back.

Osteo-

Bone

Myo-

Muscle

Arthro-

Joint

Dorsal Cavities

Cranial (Skull), Vertebral (Vertebrae)

Ventral Cavities

Thoracic (Rib-cage, Sternum), Abdominopelvic (Pelvic girdle)

Synarthrotic

Immovable

Amphiarthrotic

Slightly moveable

Diathrotic

Freely movable

Muscles

Fibers that shorten.

Tendons

Muscle to bone.

Ligaments

Bone to bone.

Extensibility

The ability to stretch or extend.

Skeletal system

Moves and supports the body.

Functions of the skeletal system:

Movement, support, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage.

Skeletal structures

Joints, bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments.

Bone

The main tissue of a skeleton.

Types of bones:

Long bone, short bone, sesamoid bone, irregular bone, flat bone.

Joint types:

Hinge, ball & socket, pivot, gliding.

Cartilage

Covers, cushions, and protects bones.

Muscular system

A system of muscle tissues that covers, protects, and moves the body.

Functions of the muscular system:

Movement, support, protection, body temperature control.

Types of muscle:

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal.

Cardiac muscles

Pump blood to the heart.

Smooth muscles

Squeeze and relax to move things, found in blood vessels, stomach, intestines, esophagus, uterus, etc.

Skeletal muscles

Cover and connect to bones all over the body. Work in pairs (One contracts and one relaxes).

Contraction

When a muscle tightens, it shortens.

Relaxation

When a muscle loosens, it goes back to normal.

Voluntary muscles

Controlled by the personas actions. You have to move them yourself, and only consist of skeletal muscles.

Involuntary muscles

Controlled and moves on their own. Signals from the brain to control movement, and consist of cardiac and smooth muscles.

Notable muscular systems structures:

Triceps, gluteus maximus, hamstrings, calf, deltoit, pectorals, biceps, abdominals, quadriceps.

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Humerus

Upper arm

Clavicle

Collar bone

Radius

Forearm bone on thumb side.

Ulna

Forearm bone on pinky side.

Carpals

Wrist bones

Metacarpals

Palm bones

Phalanges

Finger/toe bones

Femur

Thigh bone; longest and strongest.

Patella

Kneecap

Tibia

Larger, weight-bearing lower leg bone.

Fibula

Slender lateral bone

Tarsals

Ankle bones

Metatarsals

Food arch bones

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Upper back, attach to ribs.

Lumbar

Lower back.

Sacrum

Fused from 5 vertebrae.

Coccyx

Tailbone, fused from 3-5 vertebrae,

Scalene muscles

Act as accessory muscles of respiration and perform flexion in the neck.

Pectoral region

Located on the anterior chest wall.

Extrinsic

Originate from the torso, and attach to the bones of the shoulder.

Intrinsic

Originate from the scapula and/or clavicle, and attach to the humerus.

Superficial abductors and extensors

Large muscles that abduct and extend the femur.

Spongy bone

Porus, lighter, and found in the inner parts of bones (ends of long bones). They support shock absorption and house red bone marrow for blood cell production.

Compact bone

Dense, tough, and forms the outer shell of bones. It provides structural support and protection.