Skeletal and Muscular System

Anatomy

Foramen

Axial

The central core of the body.

Osteocytes

Cells responsible for the maintenance of the bony matrix.

Osteoblast

Cells that form new bones and grow/heal existing bones.

Osteoclast

Cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

Appendicular

Posterior

Back side.

Anterior

Front side.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at the ankle, so that the foot point more superiorly.

Plantar Flexion

Extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly.

Pronation

Leaning inward.

Supination

Outward and upward movement.

Elevation

Movement in the superior direction (Shrug).

Depression

Movement in an inferior direction.

Cardiac Muscle

Makes up the thick middle layer of the heart.

Smooth Muscle

An involuntary, non-striated muscle.

Transverse Plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Frontal Plane

An imaginary vertical plane that divides the body into front and back (Anterior and posterior) sections.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

Skeletal Muscle

A highly organized tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers which contain several myofibrils.

Supination

Leaning outward.

Proximal

Closer point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from attachment.

Medial

Towards the midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Superficial

Structures closer to the body’s surface.

Deep

Structures farther from the surface.

Coronal/Frontal

Separates the front from the back.

Osteo-

Bone

Myo-

Muscle

Arthro-

Joint

Dorsal Cavities

Cranial (Skull), Vertebral (Vertebrae)

Ventral Cavities

Thoracic (Rib-cage, Sternum), Abdominopelvic (Pelvic girdle)

Synarthrotic

Immovable

Amphiarthrotic

Slightly moveable

Diathrotic

Freely movable

Muscles

Fibers that shorten.

Tendons

Muscle to bone.

Ligaments

Bone to bone.

Extensibility

The ability to stretch or extend.