LA nursing review with maggie

which of the following is the correct definition of colic?

abdominal pain from any cause

what is the average volume of the equine stomach?

5-15L

what structure is responsible for preventing horses from vomiting?

cardiac sphincter

which section of the GI tract is folded into a double horseshoe shape?

large colon

what is the normal number of borborygmi per minute per quadrant in the horse?

1-3

why are horses considered hindgut fermenters?

fermentation occurs in the cecum and large colon

which clinical sign is most commonly associated with endotoxemia/SIRS?

purple "toxic line" on gums

tympany refers to:

gas distension of a GI segment

what is the physiological cause of increased lactate in colic patients?

tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism

why does nasogastric intubation become urgent when heart rate exceeds 60 bpm?

a high risk of gastric rupture

a horse presents with decreased fecal output, pawing, repeated attempts to lie down. what is the MOST appropriate next step?

perform a physical exam and TPR

during nasogastric intubation, which finding confirms correct tube placement?

negative pressure on suction

a horse shows distended small intestine on ultrasound and reduced motility. which condition is most consistent with these findings?

small intestine obstruction

a technician records a PCV of 55% and TP of 8.0 g/dL. which condition is most likely present?

dehydration

-due to high TP

an ultrasound of left abdomen shows inability to locate left kidney. what is this indicative of?

left dorsal displacement

which finding most strongly differentiates a strangulating obstruction from a non-strangulating obstruction?

rapid onset of unrelenting pain

-when strangulated, circulation is cut off from a section of tissues, which can be painful

-causes tachycardia, dark red/purple MM's

a colic case has high potential lactate, dark red abdominal fluid, and thickened bowel walls on ultrasound. what is the most likely condition?

strangulating obstruction

which combination of findings indicates hypovolemia rather than dehydration?

tachycardia, weak pulses, prolonged CRT

a horse's borbroygmi are decreased and a high-pitched "ping" is heard. this is most consistent with:

gas distension

on rectal exam, "tight bands" of tissue are palpated by the veterinarian. this most likely indicates:

strangulated small intestine

a horse has >10L net reflux despite IV fluids. what should the tech anticipate?

recalculation and escalation of fluid therapy

after releasing a torsion in surgery, the horse's blood pressure drops. what is the most likely cause?

sudden reperfusion causing vasodilation

which preventative strategy is most effective in reducing colic risk?

routine deworming and maximizing turnout

a horse with repeated colic episodes is found to have poor dental health. which conclusion is most accurate?

poor mastication predisposes to impactions

a horse presents with sand impaction. which treatment plan is most typical?

oral psyllium, IV fluids, and monitoring for reflux

you must educate a new horse owner about early colic recognition. what key message should you prioritize?

early signs that require prompt evaluation

which post-colic feeding plan is most appropriate after resolution of a simple obstruction?

small, frequent soft forage meals

a horse with volvulus requires intense postoperative monitoring. which parameter is the MOST critical to track?

PCV/TP and lactate

when collaborating with a veterinarian during a colic work-up, which technician action demonstrates the highest level of professional competency?

anticipating the need for diagnostic supplies

which dairy cattle breed makes up the largest percentage of the U.S. dairy population?

Holstein

Holsteins and jerseys dominate US dairy herds primarily because they:

produce high milk yield

a producer wants to increase milk fat and protein levels in the bulk tank. which breeding strategy is most appropriate?

select Jersey bulls with high PTA for components

which of the following feed components is indigestible?

-cellulose

-hemicellulose

-lignin

-starch

lignin

why do cows in early lactation require higher-energy diets?

to prevent a negative energy balance

-causes ketosis and hypocalcemia

a producer notices cows gaining excessive condition in late lactation. what dietary adjustment is most appropriate?

reduce energy intake

a heifer is 55% of her mature weight. according to benchmarks, what management action should occur?

first breeding

clinical hypocalcemia is defined as:

low blood calcium

why is biosecurity critical in large dairy operations?

it minimizes disease speed

if a herd shows rising somatic cell counts and udder infections, which management area is most likely implicated?

bedding material selection

dairy heifers in well-managed herds are normally bred for the first time at:

13-15 months

the calving interval is important primarily because:

it affects milk output and reproductive efficiency

a cow is frequently cycling irregularly. which tool would best synchronize her estrus for AI?

progesterone CIDR protocol

on average, how many days per year is a dairy cow in milk?

305

the main advantage of a rapid-exit parlor is:

faster cow turnover

a herd's milk quality is declining. which change would most directly improve udder health?

replacing worn milking liners

how long is the calf normally left with the cow before moving to individual housing?

up to 1 hour

a cow is in stage II labor for 2 hours with no progress. what does this indicate?

dystocia

what is the primary housing system for large US dairy farms?

freestall barns

barn ventilation is important because it:

reduces heat stress

a dry-lot dairy in a hot climate is experiencing muddy pens after heavy rain. which disadvantage of dry-lot systems does this represent?

weather-dependent condition

as dairy farm numbers decreased and cows per farm increased since the 1980s, the industry has:

improved consolidation and efficiency

milk production per cow has increased despite fewer total cows. what factor best explains this?

improved management

a farm wants to monitor reproductive efficiency. which record is most essential?

calving interval

the most common housing type for preweaned calves is:

hutches

pair housing calves is considered beneficial because it:

supports feeding behavior

a farm uses group housing for preweaned calves. which is a disadvantage?

higher risk of disease

sustainable dairy practices aim to primarily reduce:

environmental impact

a dairy producer wants to decrease nitrogen runoff on their farm. which change is most appropriate?

improving manure storage

a farmer asks whether switching froma herringbone to a rotary parlor is worth the investment. which of the following should be evaluated?

-construction cost

-cleaning time

-labor davings

-herd size

-head throughput

which tumor is the most common neoplastic condition of the equine eye?

squamos cell carcinoma

what organism is the primary cause of IBK?

moraxella bovis

what is the term for the normal pigmented masses along the equine pupillary margin?

corpora nigra

which species has an oval pupil with a prominent dorsal and ventral pupillary ruff?

llama

why are equine corneal ulcers considered more serious than those in small animals?

horses are predisposed to fungal keratitis

which factor most strongly predisposes cattle to ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

non-pigmented eyelids

why is entropiion especially common in potbellied pigs?

excessive forehead fat

what may best explain why horses have slow pupillary light reflex?

their iris moves slowly

why does IBK frequently worsen in summer months?

increased UV light

a horse presents with blepharospasm epiphora, and photophobia. fluorescein stain is positive. what is the next best step if the ulcer hasn't improved after 48 hours of treatment?

perform cytology and culture

a hereford cow presents with a non-pigmented eyelid mass near the limbus that bleeds easily. what is the most likely suspected?

SCC

a 12-year-old Appaloosa shows corneal edema, fixed dilated pupil, and elevated IOP. what condition is most likely?

glaucoma

you suspect pinkeye in goats. which diagnostic approach is most appropriate?

cytology and culture

a 4-H pig presents with chronic epiphora. what is the most likely cause?

environment irritant

what finding best differentiates stromal abscess from a superficial ulcer?

glaucoma

in cattle, which clinical sign helps distinguish silage eye from IBK?

uveitis

a goat herd shows simultaneous respiratory disease and KCS. which agent is more consistent with both?

mycoplasma conjunctiva

a horse displays recurrent bouts of ocular pain with miosis, corneal edema, and low IOP. another horse shows band keratopathy and Haab's striae. which disease explains the first case and likely contributed to the second?

ERU (equine recurrent uveitis)

which combination of findings is most consistent with bovine OSCC rather than IBK?

old age slows progression