Henry VII - Threats and Rebellions

What was the date of the Yorkshire Rebellion?

1489

What was the size of subsidy asked for before Yorkshire rebellion?

£100,000 to be gained through tax

Why did they refuse to pay in Yorkshire?

French invasion would come from the South

What was the Yorkshire rebellion motivated by?

Yorkist sympathies (unsurprising as early in reign)

What happened to earl of Northumberland?

Put the case of the Yorkshire people before the king

King refused

Killed for returning with nothing

What did Henry do in responde to Northumberlands murder?

Sends an army of 8000 men led by Earl of Surrey which puts down the rebellion

What are the positive outcomes of Yorkshire rebellion?

Earl of Surrey made lieutenant of the north (patronage)

Still able to take loan and go to war

What are the negative outcomes of Yorkshire rebellion?

Only £30,000 of £100,000 collected

Image to Europe that England is not united

Lack of authority remembered and same problem with Cornish rebellion

When was the Cornish rebellion?

1497

Why did the Cornish refuse tax?

Campaign against Scotland

No geographical threat to them

How large was the Cornish rebellion?

15000 marched into Devon and gained support and supplies

How far did the Cornish rebels get? (how threatening)

Guilford- moved Henry to tower of London

How were the Cornish rebels put down?

Recalls 8000 men that were headed to Scotland

Battle of Blackheath - 25000 against the rebels

What are the negative outcomes of Cornish rebellion?

Becomes more paranoid- rebellion late in reign

Had to change foreign policy in Scotland as recalls troops

Little support from nobles

When was the Lovell and Stafford rebellion?

1486

What did lovell and Staffords aim to do?

Overthrow the king

How popular was the Lovell and Stafford rebellion?

Gained support even in Worcester where there was mass support for Henry

How did Lovell and Stafford have foreign support?

Lovell fled to Margaret of York in Flanders.

How did Henry keep control over the Lovell and Stafford rebellion?

Monitored every step with spy network

How did Henry stop the Worcester rising?

May 1486 - Henry was in York on a nationwide tour of the country. As soon as he advanced towards Worcester in order to eliminate Yorkist support, the Stafford brothers fled to sanctuary

What was the problem with the capture of Staffords?

Broke sanctuary - issues with pope innocent viii but they were quickly resolved

What are the positive outcome of Lovell and Stafford rebellion?

Suspended laws of sanctuary in cases of treason- helped later with Warbeck

What did Henry do with the Stafford brothers and why?

Older Stafford (Humphrey) executed, younger brother (Thomas) spared. An example for potential rebels but also shows he isn't threatened

When was the Simnel rebellion?

1487

Who did Simnel pretend to be?

First Richard of York (younger prince in tower), then Earl of Warwick (older prince in tower).

Who was Simnel's teacher?

Richard Symonds (priest from Oxford).

Simnel was only 10 years old

What foreign support and recognition did Simnel have?

Crowned Edward VI by Earl of Kildare in Ireland (May)

Gained support from Margaret of Burgundy who gave him 2000 German merchants (led by Schwarz, talented military leader)

Foreign support led to domestic support

Who supported simnel?

Earl of Lincoln fled t Flanders in May - betrayal from senior noble = weakness.

Made him harsher and more mistrusting with nobles

Why did Lincoln not gain support?

People did not want another civil war

When was the Battle of Stoke?

June 16th 1487

How many were in the battle of Stoke? Who had the upper hand?

12000 English against 8000 of lincolns

In the initial stages Lincoln's force held the upper hand (Germans were good soldiers)

How many people were killed in Battle of Stoke?

Lincoln, Schwarz and Thomas Geraldine (leader of the Irish) were killed.

Over half of Lincoln's force was killed.

What were the punishments for Symonds and Simnel?

Symonds- life in bishops prison

Simnel- pardoned earned position in the king's kitchen. Henry recognised that he was not the cause of the invasion but a mere pawn

What were the positive outcomes of the Simnel rebellion?

Showed strength and that simnel was no threat to him by pardoning him

Pardoned many nobles to keep loyal and 28 attained (increasing wealth and dettering others from rebelling)

What were the negative outcomes of Simnel rebellion?

Foreign support

Simnel was believed even after the real Warwick was paraded through London

When was the Warbeck rebellion?

1491-1499

Who did Warbeck pretend to be?

Richard, Duke of York

Why was pretending to be Richard a problem for Henry?

Younger prince in tower, likely dead therefore cannot show the real one.

What foreign support did Warbeck have?

Charles VIII in Paris 1492 (around 100 Yorkist supporters gathered there to see him),

Margaret of Burgundy in Flanders (took Warbeck as her nephew

Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian (recognised Warbeck as Richard IV of England

then James IV

What were Henry's advantages against Warbeck?

Maximilian wasn't as influential in real life as he was on paper

Charles VIII of France lost interest in Warbeck and directed his attention and finance towards north Italy, which he invaded in 1494.

Henry's spy network across Europe let him know that Warbeck's support was falling

How did Henry get Warbeck to leave France?

Treaty of etaples 1492- used spy network to inform him that Charles would sign the treaty as France is more concerned with North Italy

How did Henry remove Warbeck from Burgundy?

3 year trade ban put pressure on Margaret of burgundy to sign the magnus intercursus (cloth trade was important to england and flanders: showed how seriously Henry took this threat)

When was the Magnus Intercursus?

1496

What were the negatives of the embargo?

Profitable trade industry :- trade ban destructive for English too

Prioritised securing Tudor dynasty over trade and economic health of england= poverty, resentment and more rebellions- link to Cornish

What was the Sir Robert Clifford Betrayal?

Pretended to plot for Warbeck but secretly gave info to Henry. Clifford was pardoned and rewarded

How did Henry reduce English support for Warbeck?

-passed a number of acts of attainder in 1495

-Sir William Stanley (Chamberlain - one of the most trusted of positions in the king's court) had an act of attainder passed against him and was executed

-Lord Fitzwalter (Henry's steward) was also executed

How did Warbeck highlight the threat from the nobility?

Low internal threat as spy network knew who supported him etc

Except did not predict Stanley and Fitzwalter's betrayal immediately

What did Warbeck receive in Ireland?

July 1495 - Warbeck laid siege to Waterford (a town loyal to Henry) but was unsuccessful.

Set off for Scotland after

How was Warbeck being welcomed into Scotland a threat?

1495

James IV gave Warbeck financial aid, (£1200 a year) allowing him to invade England (popular rebellions did not have this)

Married Lady Catherine Gorden (cousin to James IV) therefore more legitimate

What happened in Warbeck's invasion with Scotland?

Using his pension to finance it, Warbeck attempted an invasion of England. It was a disaster as no one south of the border was willing to support him.

What was the aftermath of the Warbeck invasion with Scotland?

In August 1497 he was persuaded to give himself up.

Henry allowed Warbeck to remain at court where he could be watched.

Perkin tried to run away and was put in the stocks, humiliated and sent to the Tower.

Tried to escape a second time

Was hanged on November 23rd 1499.

How did Henry get Warbeck out of Scotland?

1497:

Truce of Ayton - cannot harbour rebels

Henry offered his eldest daughter's hand in marriage to James, which James believed had far more advantages to Scotland than Warbeck could ever offer.

What are the positives of the Warbeck invasion?

Never gained support in Ireland

Attempted to join Cornish rebellion and failed

Foreign policy stopped him from gaining support in one place

How was Edmund de la Pole different from other pretenders?

Showed outward conformity

Who was Edmund de la Pole?

Earl of Suffolk

Brother of the Earl of Lincoln who had been killed in the attempted Simnel Rebellion

What was Edmund's first attempt at a rebellion?

July 1499 - Suffolk suddenly disappeared only to reappear at Guisnes near Calais. Henry feared that he would lead a foreign-backed invasion.

Suffolk was persuaded by Henry to return to England and he remained outwardly loyal until 1501.

Why did Edmund rebel?

had been angered by Henry's refusal to elevate him to a dukedom as his father had held.

What was Edmund's second attempt at a rebellion?

In 1501, Suffolk, along with his brother Richard, fled to the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian.

Why was Edmund de la Pole gaining support from Maximilian not a major threat?

Maximilian could not enforce his authority across his entire empire.

What did Henry's spies find about Edmund de la Pole?

There was a fully planned campaign to replace him as king

How was Edmund de la Pole captured?

1506 - Philip and Joana of Burgundy had to take refuge in the port of Weymouth as a result of a storm.

Henry offered the Treaty of Windsor, Philip agreed as long as their lives would be spared

Suffolk imprisoned but not executed (executed under Henry VIII)

What did Henry do with the nobility to prevent Edmund de la Pole rebellion?

Arrested all of suffolks relations and attained 51 men in Jan 1504 (largest number in one single action in Henry's reign)

What were the terms of the Treaty of Windsor?

- the Intercursus Malus (restored trade relations between England and Burgundy)

- the return of the Earl of Suffolk

- a proposed marriage alliance for Henry VII and Philip's sister, Archduchess Margaret

- Henry's recognition of Joanna and Philip as rulers of Castile

Why was Philip of Burgundy important?

Burgundy was part of the HRE and so he was seen as a senior figure within the imperial hierarchy

Why was Suffolk/ Edmund de la pole such a problem?

Throne was insecure after death of Arthur (eldest son, 1502), Edmund (youngest son, 1500) and Elizabeth of York (wife, 1503)

fear of foreign backed invasion played on his conscience