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Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Trace Element
Elements required by an organism only in very small quantities, such as iron (Fe), iodine (I), and copper (Cu).
Isotope
Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.
Ionic Bond
A type of bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
Covalent Bond
A bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms.
Hydrogen Bond
Weak chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.
Capillary Action
The ability of water to rise up the roots, trunks, and branches of trees due to cohesion and adhesion.
Acidic Solution
A solution that contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+).
Base
A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH–) when added to water.
pH Scale
A scale numbered from 1 to 14 that indicates whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
Organic Molecule
Molecules that contain carbon.
Polymer
A chain of repeating units called monomers.
Hydrolysis
The process that breaks polymers down into monomers using water.
Monosaccharide
The simplest form of carbohydrates, which are energy sources for cells.
Glycosidic Linkage
The bond formed between two monosaccharides when they join together.
Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate that consists of many monosaccharides.
Amino Acid
Building blocks of proteins that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Dipeptide
A molecule formed from two amino acids bonded together.
Peptide Bond
The bond that links amino acids together to form a peptide.
Protein
A macromolecule important for structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs.
Lipid
Molecules made primarily of carbon and hydrogen; they include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Phospholipid
A lipid containing two fatty acids and a phosphate group, essential for cell membranes.
Nucleic Acid
Molecules made up of nucleotides; DNA and RNA are examples.
Cell Cycle
The life cycle of a cell, including the stages of interphase and mitosis.
Homeostasis
The conditions under which living things can successfully survive.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Cancer
A condition arising when normal cells grow and behave abnormally.
Signal Transduction
The process by which an external signal is transmitted to the inside of a cell.
Cohesive Forces
The tendency of water molecules to stick together.
Facilitated Transport
The process of transporting substances across a membrane with the help of carrier proteins.
Active Transport
Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Feedback Inhibition
A negative feedback pathway that inhibits the process of a metabolic pathway.
Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration, breaking glucose down into pyruvic acid.
Krebs Cycle
The stage of cellular respiration that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The last stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced using the electron transport chain.
Fermentation
An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, resulting in lactic acid or ethanol production.
Photosynthesis
The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy in plants.
