Veterinary Dentistry Workbook

The tip of the tooth root

Apex

The study and treatment of the inside of the tooth and periapical tissues

Endodontics

The condition in which the mandible is abnormally short in relation to the maxilla

Brachygnathism

The area between the roots of a multirooted tooth

Furcation

Tooth decay that results from demineralization of hard tooth structures by acid-producing oral bacteria

Caries

Term for mammals that have two sets of teeth (primary and deciduous)

Diphyodont

The term used to indicate an upper jaw that is wider than the lower jaw (normal in most species)

Anisognathism

Having a wide skull and short maxilla

Brachycephalic

Light brown or yellow, raised, mineralized deposit adherent to the tooth and root surfaces

Calculus

Anatomic term describing the attachment structures of the teeth

Periodontium

Tooth structure that consists of nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and connective tissue

Pulp

Tooth type that has a large reserve crown and root structure that allows for continued growth over an animal’s lifetime

Hypsodont

Diffuse inflammation of the entire oral cavity

Stomatitis

Hard layer covering the surface of the root of a tooth

Cementum

Having a narrow skull and long maxilla

Dolichocaphalic

The extraction of diseased teeth

Exodontics

Gap between teeth seem normally in many species

Diastem

Tooth type in which the crown is relatively small compared with the size of the well-developed roots

Brachyodont

Inflammation of the gingiva

Gingivitis

Thin layer covering the crown that is the hardest tooth substance

Enamel

The most commonly used system of numbering teeth

Triadan System

Misalignment of the teeth or jaws

Malocclusion

Having a well-proportioned skull width and maxillary length

Masocephalic

Inflammation of the gingiva and other supporting tooth structure

Periodontitis

A white-tan film that collects on teeth and is composed of bacteria, exfoliated cells, food debris, and saliva

Plaque

The most rostral teeth in cats and dogs; used for gnawing and grooming

Incisors

Having two sets of teeth

Diphyodont

The type of teeth seen in horses, rodents, and lagomorphs

Hypsodont

Large teeth found caudally to premolars

Molars

Primary or “baby” teeth

Deciduous

Spatial relationship of teeth within the mouth

Occlusion

Adjective used to describe the largest shearing tooth of the upper and lower jaws in carnivres

Carnassial

Smooth convex bulge located on the palatal side of the gingival third of incisor teeth

Cingulum

Teeth used for prehending and holding

Canine

Describe the adjacent or near-adjacent surfaces of teeth

Masial, distal

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Canine Left Maxillary Second Incisor Tooth

#202

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Feline Right Mandibular Third Premolar Tooth

#407

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Canine Left Maxillary Second Molar Tooth

#210

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Canine Right Maxillary Canine Tooth

#104

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Feline Left Mandibular Second Premolar Tooth

Not Present

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Feline Right Mandibular Third Incisor Tooth

#403

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Canine RIght Maxillary Fourth Premolar Tooth

#108

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Feline Right Maxillary First Premolar Tooth

Not Present

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Canine RIght mandibular Third Molar Tooth

#411

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Feline Left Mandibular Fourth Premolar Tooth

#308

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Canine Deciduous Right Maxillary First Incisor Tooth

#501

Using the numeric Triadan system for tooth identification saves time when performing detailed dental charting. Match each canine or feline tooth listed with its corresponding Triadan number by writing the appropriate number in the space provided. Not all teeth are present in a normal adult cat. Write “not present” if the tooth listed is not present in a normal adult cat.

Feline DEciduous Left Mandibular Canine Tooth

#704

Root debridement, gingival curettage, and periodontal surgery are often required

Grade III periodontal disease

Inflammatory changes are confined to the gingiva (gingivitis)

Grade I periodontal disease

Root debridement or subgingival curettage may be required

Grade II periodontal disease

Periodontitis where 50% or more of the attachment structures of the tooth have been lost

Grade IV periodontal disease

Early form of periodontitis

Grade II periodontal disease

This grade is easily reversible with a routine dental cleaning

Grade I periodontal disease

Periodontitis where 35% to 50% of attachment structures of the tooth have been lost

Grade III periodontal disease

Early attachment loss is present

Grade II periodontal disease

Fair to guarded prognosis to save affected teeth

Grade III periodontal disease

Frequently, affected teeth cannot be saved

Grade IV periodontal disease

Toothbrush bristles are placed along the gingival margin and the sulcus

Bass brushing tachnique

A gentle sweeping motion of toothbrush bristles is directed apical to coronal

Modified Stillman brushing technique

Toothbrush bristles do not enter the sulcus

Modified Stillman brushing technique

The bristles are directed at a 45-degree angle toward the marginal gingiva

Bass brushing technique

Tooth bristles are placed apical to the gingival margin

Modified Stillman brushing technique

Toothbrush bristles enter the gingival sulcus

bass brushing technique

A mesial to distal motion of brushing is employed

Bass brushing technique

Sometimes used in areas of periodontal surgery

Modified Stillman brushing technique

Onset of effect in 6 to 10 minutes

Bupivacaine 0.5%

Onset of effect in 2 to 5 minutes

Lidocaine 2%

Duration of action 0.5 to 2 hours

Lidocaine 2%

Duration of action 4 to 8 hours

Bupivacaine 0.5%

Most commonly used local anesthetic in veterinary dentistry

Lidocaine 2%

For this block, the needle is inserted perpendicular to the soft palate just caudal to the molar approximately ½ cm deep in cats and 1 cm deep in dogs

Maxillary nerve block

The foramen for this block is located dorsal to the roots of the maxillary third premolar

Infraorbital nerve block

This block affects sensation of the soft tissue and bone of the entire ipsilateral mandible

Inferior alveolar nerve block

This block may cause numbness of the tongue and therefore self-inflicted trauma

Inferior alveolar nerve block

The foramen for this block is located below the mesial root of the mandibular second premolar

Middle mental nerve block

The foramen for this block is located caudal and ventral to the mandibular third molar in the dog and the mandibular first molar in the cat

Inferior alveolar nerve block

This block requires a needle that is bent 1 cm from the tip

Maxillary nerve block

This block is placed just caudal to the maxillary second molar in the dog or the maxillary first molar in the cat

Maxillary nerve block

This block helps prevent sensation to the ipsilateral mandible rostral to the labial frenulum

Middle mental nerve block

Lidocaine may be the preferred local anesthetic for this block

Inferior alveolar nerve block

This block causes a loss of sensation rostral only to the third premolar on the ipsilateral maxilla

Infrairbital nerve block

This block prevents sensation of the entire maxillary quadrant on the buccal and palatal sides of the teeth

Maxillary nerve block

This block has an intraoral and extraoral approach described

Inferior alveolar nareve block

Identify this type of occlusion.

Normal Scissors Occlusion

Identify this lesion in the dog.

Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis

Identify this lesion in the cat that is lateral to the palatoglossus folds (see arrows)

Lymphocytic-Plasmocytic Stomatitis

identify these instruments and their uses

Dental Explorers: used to determine the surface of topography of the tooth.

Identify this method of holding a dental instrument

Modified Pen Grasp

Identify this instrument and describe its proper use

The periodontal Probe; used to determine gingival sulcus depth. It is “walked” around the tooth circumference with short up and down strokes every few millimeters.

Identify this lesion. What instrument is used to confirm the diagnosis?

Pulp exposure caused by abrasion. An explorer is used to confirm access to the pulp chamber

Based on this picture, what is the measurement of the gingival sulcus of this patient?

3 mm

What accumulation is indicated by the asterisk in this picture? What subsequent formation is indicated by the arrows?

Plaque; Calculus

Which instrument (A or B) is better used for scaling the rostral portion of the mouth?

Instrument A

Which patient is older: A or B? How do you know this from looking at the radiographs?

Patient B is older based on the radiographic width of the pulp chamber. As an animal ages, the pulp chamber becomes narrower as a result of the continued playing down of secondary dentin

Identify this malocclusion by class

Class II

Identify this malocclusion by class.

Class III

Identify the two malocclusions present in this patient.

a. Persistent Deciduous Canines

b. Lingually Displaced Mandibular Adult Canines

Describe this therapy and the most likely reason for its use.

a. Therapy

b. Reason for its use:

a. Tape Muzzle

b. Symphyseal (mandibular) fracture in a young growing dog

Identify these instruments, their use, and the species in which they are used.

a. Instruments:

b. What they used for:

b. Species:

a. Floats

b. Mechanical removal of raised areas/points from the occlusal surface of the teeth

c. Horse

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Each dental or oral surgical procedure should begin with a comprehensive extraoral and intraoral examination.

True