Group 13 — Development and implementation of an interoperable local health information exchange platform for the attainment of universal health coverage in the Philippines

The case study focuses on IBM's Watson for ______.

Oncology

The company discussed in the case study is International ______ Machines Corporation.

Business

IBM operates primarily in the Information ______ and Business Consulting industry.

Technology

IBM serves primarily a ______-to-business market.

business

IBM's market includes large enterprises, government agencies, and ______ across industries.

institutions

One major reason IBM implemented Business Analytics was to support ______-driven decision making.

data

IBM needed to consolidate data to make faster, evidence-based strategic ______.

decisions

Competitive pressure from Microsoft, Amazon AWS, and ______ pushed IBM toward stronger analytics capabilities.

Google

Analytics helped IBM better understand client needs, predict demand, and provide customer ______.

personalization

Analytics helped optimize supply chains, resource allocation, and internal ______.

workflows

IBM also used analytics for product ______ and forecasting.

innovation

IBM's AI platform used internally as a proof-of-concept was ______.

Watson

The core business problem was delivering consistent, high-quality, evidence-based cancer treatment ______ at scale.

decisions

IBM Watson for Oncology was designed as a Clinical Decision ______ System.

Support

The abbreviation for Clinical Decision Support System is ______.

CDSS

WFO analyzed patient data, medical literature, and treatment ______ to recommend cancer treatments.

guidelines

Cancer cases were projected to increase from approximately 12 million to ______ million annually by 2050.

32

Global spending on cancer medications reached approximately $______ billion in 2023.

223

Global cancer medication spending was projected to reach $______ billion by 2028.

409

Oncology creates information ______ because clinicians must process huge amounts of research and patient-specific information.

overload

Many regions lacked access to top-tier oncology ______.

expertise

Patient records came from the Memorial Sloan ______ Cancer Center.

Kettering

The MSKCC patient data was compiled over ______ years.

four

Clinical guidelines included MSKCC internal workflows and the National Comprehensive Cancer ______ framework.

Network

The abbreviation for National Comprehensive Cancer Network is ______.

NCCN

The system used information from over ______ peer-reviewed medical journals.

300

The system also used more than ______ medical textbooks.

200

Clinical trial data was obtained from various trial ______.

repositories

After 2017, the study also used synthetic or ______ patient scenarios.

simulated

Synthetic data was intended to reduce ______ but introduced its own problems.

bias

Physician notes, pathology reports, and clinical narratives were classified as ______ data.

unstructured

Unstructured clinical information was processed using NLP/NLU, or Natural Language Processing and Natural Language ______.

Understanding

Watson struggled with abbreviations and incomplete ______ in unstructured data.

sentences

Patient records containing coded variables such as tumor stage and genomic markers were classified as ______ data.

structured

Clinical guideline documents and tumor board decision logs were classified as ______-structured data.

semi

The main Descriptive Analytics technique was ______ rate analysis.

concordance

Concordance rate measured the percentage of cases where Watson's recommendations ______ human oncologists' or tumor boards' decisions.

matched

The primary KPI for WFO was the ______ rate.

concordance

Other KPIs included adoption/utilization rates and implementation ______ relative to outcomes.

cost

The physician dashboard ranked treatment options by evidence ______.

strength

The dashboard also displayed supporting literature ______.

citations

Predictive Analytics used ______ learning models to correlate tumor characteristics, genomic markers, and patient history with likely outcomes.

supervised

Predictive Analytics essentially attempted to predict which treatment would be most ______ for a given patient profile.

effective

Prescriptive Analytics used rule-based ranking ______ to recommend a specific course of treatment.

algorithms

WFO showed reasonably strong concordance for common cancers such as breast, lung, and ______ cancer.

ovarian

Concordance dropped sharply for metastatic disease, rarer cancers such as ______ cancer, and complex or elderly patients.

gastric

The MD Anderson partnership cost $______ million over four years.

62

Of the $62 million MD Anderson partnership cost, IBM received $______ million.

39

PwC received $______ million from the MD Anderson partnership.

23

The MD Anderson partnership resulted in ______ patients treated using WFO recommendations before termination.

zero

The estimated overall investment loss was approximately $______ billion.

4

Multiple hospitals scaled back or discontinued WFO use after ______.

2018

A STAT News investigation in 2018 described some treatment recommendations as “unsafe and ______.”

incorrect

IBM sold Watson Health's assets to ______ Partners in 2022.

Francisco

Watson for Oncology was fully discontinued in ______.

2023

Training on data from a single institution, MSKCC, limited ______ to other populations and rarer cancers.

generalizability

The case study identified ______ data as the weak link because of problems with abbreviations and incomplete sentences.

unstructured

The case study emphasized that data quality ______ AI quality.

bounds

Ranked recommendations without clear reasoning were criticized as insufficiently ______ to clinicians.

transparent

The case study emphasized that scale requires proven ______, not projections.

ROI