Psychology (Scientific Foundations)

Psychiatry

Provides treatment with drugs, gives therapy

Psychologist

Provides therapy, no drugs, branches out into specific professions

Counselors

helps people deal with everyday life

Clinical

helps with mental disorders

Educational

helps kids who experience educational problems

Developmental

Uses human body and mind to better understand the needs

Industrial

Helps businesses' analyze work data and see how they can improve production

Longitudinal (Research design)

study 1 group over extended period of time (LONGitudinal)

Cross sectional study (Research design)

multiple groups of varying ages at same time

Twin Studies (Research design)

Nature vs nurture- monozygotic twins

1. Study approved by IRB

2. Must maintain confidentiality

3. Have to get consent

4. Must debrief after (tell them the point)

5. No long term harm psychologically

Ethical Issues

Single binding (Experiments)

tries to minimize placebo

Double binding (Experiments)

Don’t know who gets the pill and who doesn’t

Independent variable (Experiments)

Variable that gets manipulated

Dependent variable (Experiments)

variable expected to change

Experimental group (Experiments)

Group that receives independent variable

Control group (Experiments)

Doesn’t get the independent variable

Operational definitions

Precisely written on how to do it

Confounding variable

3rd variable (bad)

Utilize the scientific method

Formulate hypothesis

Set up experiemtn

how to set up

Must be random

Must be representable

Large enough so findings can be generalized

sample (population)

President of American Psychological Association

Cynthia De Las Fuentes

Dreams

symbolic meaning

day to day lives

random

Behaviors

thoughts

unconscious desires

Rewarded or punished

Factors that determine who you are

parents raised you

genetics

thoughts and perceptions about yourself

Mental health condition causes

past experiences

irrational thinking

unconscious

chemical imbalances

Eclecticism

person believes more than 1 of the 6 perspectives

Psychoanalytic

Behavior, thoughts, emotions are influenced by unconscious processes

(Freuds is the “inventor)

Conscious- what we’re aware of

Preconscious- memories and thoughts that are not currently in awareness but can be retrieved

Unconscious- bad thoughts, memories, feelings deeply buried

Humanism

Personal growth, emphasis on an individual’s potential for self actualization (fulfillment of one’s talent and potential) and living authntic life

Sociocultural

Shaped by interactions

Use of cultural tools

Learner with guidance achieves more than alone

Foundations for learning

Pick up behaviors around you

Biological

Explains behavior of people, animals through physiological processes (our DNA makes us unique)

Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behaviors, not thoughts, Behaviors are adapted from surroundings

Cognitive

focuses on internal mental processes like thinking, memory, perception, language, and problem-solving to understand how people process information and how these mental activities influence their behavior, emotions and learning

Darwin

Past through human history

Phobias

Bio- Genetics

Social- Presence of others

Psychological- Fears, behaviors

Evolutionary theory

Empirical evidence

Objective facts that can be draw conclusions

Hindsight bias

Tendency to think something that happens is less surprising once you already know

Confirmation Bias

Seek out info that supports beliefs; ignore downplay evidence that counters it

Overconfidence effect

tend to be more confident that correct which leads to quick rather than accurate thinking

Case studies

In depth analysis of individual or group

can be revealing and suggest further areas of study

Naturalistic observation

No control

Describes behaviors but can’t explain

Surveys

Way of getting data

Correlation Method

Shows relationship between 2 variables (no cause and effect)

Coefficient (correlation)

Between -1 and 1.

Closer to 0 is weaker relationship

Closer to 1 is stronger relationship

Positive Correlation

Same direction ex. time studying and exam grades

Negative Correlation

Opposite direction ex. amount of stress and immune system functioning

Illusory Correlation

Thinking there is a correlation when there isn’t