Bio- Chapter 21

Protist

Protist

Diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are are not plants, fungi or animals.

Spore (or cyst)

reproductive bodies that are dormant until conditions are favorable.

Supergroup Excavata

• Diplomonads

• Parabasalids

• Euglenozoans

Supergroup Chromalveolata

• Dinoflagellates

• Apicomplexans

• Ciliates

• Diatoms

• Golden and Brown Algae

Supergroup Rhizaria

• Cercozoans

• Foraminifera

• Radiolarians

Supergroup Archaeplastida

• Red and Green Algae

• Land plants

Supergroup Amoebozoa

• Amoeboid

• Slime molds

Supergroup Opisthokonta 

• Fungi

• Choanoflagellates

• Animals

How do algae differ from protozoans?

Algae are photoautotrophs, but protozoans are heterotrophs.

Subgroup: Diplomonad

• Double nuclei and flagella

• Giardia

Giardia

An example of a Diplomonad that causes severe diarrhea. 

Subgroup: Parabasilids

• Have fibers connecting the Golgi Apparatus to the Flagella

• Trichomonas Vaginalis

Trichomonas Vaginalis

A kind of STD that only shows symptoms in women

Sub group: Euglenozoans

• Odd Mitochondria

• Cell Wall

• Proteins circle the cell

• Odd way of swimming

• Euglenids and Kinoplastids

What are 3 distinctive features in the Supergroup Excavata?

1. Weird or absent Mitochondria

2. Distinct Flagella

3. Deep Oral Groves

Euglenids

• Single cell

• Freshwater

• Red eye spot near flagella

• Longitudinal cell division

Kinoplastids

• Parasitic

• Trypanosoma Brucei

• Trypanosoma Cruzi

Trypanosoma Brucei

African sleeping sickness, it spreads through flies

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Chagas disease

Chromalveolata is separated into these two subgroups:

• Alveolates

• Stramenophile

Subgroup: Alveolates

• Alveoli

• Single celled

• Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexan/ Sporozoan, Ciliates

Alveoli

Small air sacs that provide support for Alveolates

Dinoflagellates

• photoautotrophic algae 

• encased in cellulose and silica plates

• Noctiluca - bioluminescence

Apicomplexan/ Sporozoan

• non-mobile parasites

• Spores

• Malaria, toxoplasmosis and Cyclosporasis

Ciliates

• Cilia

• Most complex/ specialized group

• Paracieum

• 2 nuclei

Subgroup: Stramenophiles

• Diatoms

• Golden Brown Algae

• Brown Algae

• Oomycetes

Diatoms

• Silica Shell

• Plankton

• Make Diatomaceous earth

Oomycetes

• Water mold

• Also known as egg fungi

• Responsible for Potato Famine

Golden brown Algae

• Hairy flagella

• Mixotrophs

• Plankton

Brown Algae

• Make carbohydrate: Laminarin

• Kelp

Supergroup: Rhizarians

• Different RNA sequences

• Very morphologically different

• Pseudopods

• Cercozoa, Foraminifern, Radiolarian

Pseudopods

Extension of the cytoplasm used for moving and catching food

Subgroup: Cercozoa

• Somewhat net like

• Sausage shaped cyanobacteria as endosymbionts

• Important models of endosymbiosis

Subgroup: Foraminiferans and Radiolarians

• Threadlike pseudopods

• Skeleton called Test

• Index fossils

Supergroup: Archaeplastida

• Land plants/ other photosynthetic organisms

• Red/ Green Algae

Subgroup: Red Algae

• Multicellular seaweed

• Small and Delicate

• Warm Water

• Make:

  • Agar

  • Carrageenan

  • Sushi

Subgroup: Green Algae

• Symbionts

• Photosynthetic

• Orange, Red or rusty

• Chloro/Charophytes

Chlorophyte

• Bright red Eyespot

• Ex) Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulva

• Exist as haploids in favorable conditions

• Reproduce sexually in unfavorable conditions

Volvox

colonial green algae that from hollow spheres

Ulva

• Multicellular green algae

• “Sea Lettuce”

• Sexual cycle: Alteration of Generations

Charophytes

• Filamentous (chain) Green Algae

• Spirogyra

• Also known as Stonebrart

• Rhizoids

• Related to land plants

Spirogyra

• found in green masses on water surfaces

• Spiral Chloroplast

• From Diploid Zygospores

Supergroup Amoebozoa

• Protozoans that are heterotrophic

• Pseudopodia (false foot)

• Aquatic

• Ameboid, Slime Molds

Slime molds

• Decomposers

• Spores made by meiosis

• Can be Slug-like (plasmodial)

• Or cellular (individual amoeboid cells)

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

• Animals and Fungi

• Choanoflagellates

Choanoflagellates

• Filter feeders

• Posterior flagella

• Captures food by phagocytosis