HA&P - Lab Exercise 8

What are the skeleton made up of bones that are connected to what?

Joints, or Articulations

What are the two divisions of the skeleton?

Axial skeleton & Appendicular skeleton

What hyaline cartilage covers the ends of most bones at movable joints?

Articular cartilages

What hyaline cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum?

Costal cartilages

What hyaline cartilage is found in the larynx and other respiratory structures?

Respiratory cartilages

What hyaline cartilage supports the external nose?

Nasal cartilages

What kind of cartilage is found in the external ear and the epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

What fibrocartilage are pads located between the vertebrae?

Intervertebral discs

What fibrocartilage are pads located in the knee joint?

Menisci

What fibrocartilage are located where the hip bones join anteriorly?

Pubic symphysis

What kind of bones are dense and made up of organizational units called osteons?

Compact bone

What kind of bones is composed of small trabeculae of bone and lots of open space?

Spongy bone

What kind of bones have bones such as the femur and phalanges, and are much linger than they are wide, consisting of a shaft with heads at either end, and are mostly composed of compact bone?

Long bones

What type of bones are cube shaped, and contains more spongy bone that compact bone and such examples are tarsals and carpals?

Short bones

What kind of bones are thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them and of these bones are curved?

Flat bones

What kind of bones have such bones as the vertebrae?

Irregular bones

These are special types of short bones formed within tendons and the patellas are these?

Sesamoid bones

These are tiny bones between cranial bones?

Sutural bones

These reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed?

Bone markings

This can be called a shaft and is composed of compact bone?

Diaphysis

This is a fibrous membrane covering made up of dense irregular connective tissue?

Periosteum

These are collagen fibers that are in the periosteum?

Perforating fibers

This is the end of the long bone?

Epiphysis

What kind of cartilage covers the epiphysis in place of the periosteum?

Articular cartilage

This is a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth?

Epiphyseal plate

These appear when the long bone has stopped growing and are replaced with the bone and are thin?

Epiphyseal lines

This is the central cavity of the shaft that is essentially a storage region for adipose?

Yellow bone marrow

These are involved in forming blood cells with infants and can be found in the marrow cavities?

Red bone marrow

This covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the central and perforating canals of compact bone?

Endosteum

This is on the spongy bone that has a spiky, open-work appearance which the compact bone appears to be dense and homogeneous on the outer surface?

Trabeculae

These are called Haversian canal, that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels through the bony matrix?

Central canal

These are mature bone cells in the lacunae which are arranged in concentric circles called concentric lamellae around the central canal?

Osteocytes

The central canal and the concentric lamellae surrounded can be referred to as?

Osteon

These are tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella"?

Canaliculi

This kind of canals run at right angles to the shaft and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals?

Perforating canals

What do all bones of the body inferior to the skull form by what process, that uses hyaline cartilage as a model for bone formation?

Endochondral ossification

What a. invades the cavity and forms spongy bone, which is removed by osteoclasts, producing the medullary cavity and proceeds in to b. what?

a. Periosteal bud

b. Primary ossification center

What are the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate?

1. Proliferation zone - Cartilage cells undergo mitosis

2. Hypertrophic zone - Older cartilage cells enlarge

3. Calcification zone - Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating

4. Ossification zone - New bone is forming

1. Proximal epiphysis

2. Diaphysis

3. Distal epiphysis

4. Articular cartilage

5. Spongy bone

6. Epiphyseal line

7. Periosteum

8. Compact bone

9. Medullary cavity

10. Endosteum

11. Yellow bone marrow

12. Nutrient foramen

13. Perforating fibers

14. Nutrient artery