Grade 10 Science: Chemical Reactions, Homeostasis, Acids, Bases, and Salts

Vocabulary flashcards covering chemical reaction rates, types, equations, environmental impacts, homeostasis, and acid-base characteristics based on Grade 10 Science lecture notes.

Reaction Rate

How fast or how slow a chemical reaction happens.

Temperature (in Reaction Rates)

A factor affecting particle movement, where higher temperature means faster particles, leading to more energy and collisions, which results in a faster reaction.

Concentration

The amount of reactants present in a reaction, where a higher amount of substance present means the reaction is likely to happen faster.

Surface Area

A measurement of how exposed a reactant is for a reaction to happen; smaller sizes mean more surface area and a faster reaction.

Catalyst

A substance that does not react with the reactants but helps speed up the reaction.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases heat or energy as it progresses.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs heat or energy as it progresses.

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment even when the external environment changes.

Indicators of Homeostasis

The three primary indicators used to monitor homeostasis: body temperature, glucose level, and blood pressure.

Feedback Mechanism Loop Components

The four sequential components that make up a feedback loop: Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, and Effector.

Negative Feedback

The most common feedback mechanism in the body, which reverses a change that happens in the body to achieve homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

A feedback mechanism that amplifies a change in the body to complete a body process instead of achieving homeostasis.

Chemical Change

An almost irreversible process caused by chemical reactions that always produces a new substance.

Physical Change

A change in physical form or state (such as frozen water melting to liquid) that does not form a new substance.

Indicators of a Chemical Reaction

Observable evidence that a reaction has occurred: color change, formation of a precipitate, release of gas, release of odor, and change in temperature.

Litmus Paper

A special kind of paper that changes color depending on the nature of a solution, used by scientists to distinguish between acids, bases, and salts.

Acid

A substance with a pH below 7 that tastes sour, releases $H^+$ ions, and turns blue litmus paper red.

Base

A substance with a pH above 7 that tastes bitter, releases $OH^-$ ions, and turns red litmus paper blue.

Salt

A neutral ionic compound with a pH usually around 7, produced when an acid reacts with a base, which does not change the color of red or blue litmus paper.

Combination Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where two or more reactants unite to form a single product ($A + B \rightarrow AB$).

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction where a single compound is broken down into two or more elements or compounds ($AB \rightarrow A + B$).

Single Replacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which one element is replaced by another element from a compound ($AB + X \rightarrow AX + B$).

Double Replacement Reaction

A chemical reaction where two compounds exchange between their metallic and non-metallic ions ($AX + BY \rightarrow AY + BX$).

Combustion

A rapid reaction that occurs when a fuel reacts with oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide, water vapor, heat, and light.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food.

Respiration

A cellular reaction where glucose reacts with oxygen to release energy for life processes.

Reaction of Acids and Metals

A reaction that produces salt and hydrogen gas when an acid reacts with a metal.

Reaction of Acids and Carbonates

A reaction that produces a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas when an acid reacts with a carbonate.

Reactants

The starting substances in a chemical reaction, located to the left of the reaction arrow in a chemical equation.

Product

The new substance produced by a chemical reaction, located to the right of the reaction arrow in a chemical equation.

Coefficient

A number placed in front of a chemical formula in an equation to indicate how many molecules or units of that substance are involved.

Subscript

A small number written to the right and below an element symbol in a chemical formula that shows the number of atoms of that element.

Natural Environment

Includes all living and non-living things that occur naturally, such as plants, animals, air, water, soil, mountains, rivers, oceans, and forests.

Built Environment

Refers to places and structures that are made or modified by people, such as houses, schools, roads, bridges, buildings, factories, and vehicles.

Law of Conservation of Mass

The scientific law stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed, atoms are identical before and after a reaction, and total mass remains unchanged.

Collision Theory

A theory stating that for a chemical reaction to occur, particles must collide, collide with enough energy, and be properly oriented.