agents of yeast ang pnuemocystic spp.

yeast fungi can be classified into one of two groups

yeast

yeastlike fungi

most common recognize yeast pathogens

candida spp

spp most commonly isolated from clinical material

candida albicans

Candida morphology

oval yeastlike forms

Candida spp produce hyphae and pseudohyphae except?

Candida glabrata

second most common spp. of candida

c. glabrata

colony morphology of candida glabrata

smooth, white, creamy, doomed colonies

single strain may change reversibly among several different morphotypes

phenotypic switching

dse asso of candida that manifest as the appearance of creamy white patches

oral candidiasis

most Frequent infection caused by candida albicans, present, typically as an

erythematous lesion of the skin

erythematous lesion of the skin sometimes accompanied by a

creamy white exudate or scaling

nails

nail bed

onychomycosis

paronychium

oral candidiasis appearance

thrush white stuff on the mouth /

white cottage cheese like patches on the mouth

indicator of immunosuppression / HALLMARK OF FAILED IMMUNE SYSTEM

thrush

characterized as a inflammatory condition that affects the commissures of the mouth, causing break in the tissue woth redness, crusting, and scaling

angular cheilitis

this is often cause by the accumulation of saliva in the fissures

angular cheilitis

occurs as fungul infc on esophagus

esophagitis

occurs more frequently as esophagitis and less commonly as gastritis

GI candidiasis

fungal infc in the vagina

vulvovaginitis

act to prevent growth of yeast

lactobacillus

vulvovaginitis factors

antibiotic, pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes, impaired immune system

vaginal discharge

cottage cheese

Difficult to diagnose because this yeast are frequently recovered from the urine as a result of vagina, contamination or colonization of the bladder in the patient with indwelling catheters

urinary tract infection

severe infection of the upper urinary track, including necrosis of the ___ A serious complication that occurs particularly inpatient who have _____

renal papillae I see complication

obstructive uropathy

involve sources other than the skin or mucous membranes

invasive candidiasis

isolation of candida species from at least one blood cultures, but a man with hematogenous spread of the yeast to one or more organs

candidemia

Fungal infection of the nails

onchonychomycosis

If dermatophytes is caused ___

If non dermatophytes _____

Tinea unguium

Candida onychomycosis

infection, if the skin around the fingernail or toenail commonly seen in axillae, groin, inter and submamary folds

intertriginous candidiasis

Intertriginous candidiasis factors

heat, maceration of the skin, moisture and friction

also know as diaper rash

candida diaper dermatitis

Invasion process

adhesion- yeast cells sticks to host cell using adhesins

uptake- Ininvasins facilitate host cell engulfment

penetration - combination of Adhesion, physical force and fungal enzyme, may enable active penetration through host cell barriers

candidate albicans can change its service features and bio film information abilities

phenotypic switching

diagnostic test of candida spp

MICROSCOPIC TEST

CORNMEAL TWEEN 80 AGAR

GERM TUBE TEST

CARBOHYDRATE ADSIMILATION TEST

CHROM AGAR CANDIDA

scraping of Mucosal OKor cutaneuos lesions After may be examine directly after treatment with

10-20% potassium hydroxide containing calcofluor white

macroscopic indication that pseudohyphae are being produce

filamentous extensions from the edges of the colony

used to detect the characteristics of chlamydoconidia produced by c. albicans

cornmeal tween 80 agar

most generally accepted an economically method used in the clinical laboratory to identify yeast

germ tube test

germ tube test (+)

c. dubleniensis

c. albicans

hyphae like extensions of young yeast cells

germ tube

look like germ tubes but are septate constructed at the point of origin

pseudohyphae

Most commonly used conventional, definitive, identification of yeast, recovered in clinical laboratory

carbohydrate assimilation test

CAT glucose

c. albicans

c. krusei

c. dubleniensis

sucrose and fructose

c. tropicalis

trehalose

c. glabrata

differential medium useful for the recovery of candida organisms in the clinical specimen, different candida spp and isolation of colonies

chrom agar candida

chrom agar candida

Green

c. albicans

lighter green (CAT)

c. dubleniensis

pale pink- purplish pink (CAT)

c. krusei

pale pink

c. glabrata

metallic blue ; bluish green

c. tropicalis

thrush and other form of candidiasis are usually treated with

topical nystatin

ketoconazole

fluconazole

for systemic candidiasis

amphotericin b

important classes of meningitis pulmonary disease and septicemia

cryptococcus spp

cryptococcus found abundantly in environment associated with

soil , tress, pigeon droppings

cryptococcus spp primaryli affects

lungs then dessiminate in meninges

serotype A&D

c. neoformans ver neoformans

serotype b &c

c. neoformans ver gatii

c. neoformans and c. gatii and highly _____ and most common form of dse is

neurotropic , cerebromeningeal

Uncommon in cryptococcusneoformans but are most common presentation of CNS cryptococcus

cryptococcomas

cryptococcal meningitis also reffered to as

busse buschke disease

functions as an antioxidant defending against reactive, oxygen species from the host immune system

melanin production

elevated levels in the central nervous system contribute to brain edema advancing cryptococcal meningitis

mannitol production

Secretion of protease, phospholipase and urease

enzyme secretion

Adaptation Strategy

Trojan Horse Mechanism

alters capsule size and cell shape under specific conditions

phenotypic variation

a symptomatic in healthy individuals

mimic influenza like symptoms

immunocompromised patients

hematogenous dissemination