Cartões: EAPS 105 Exam 1 - Spring 2023 | Quizlet

The percent of the Solar System's mass contained in the Sun.

99.9%

The percent of the mass of our Solar System's planets contained in Jupiter.

70%

What is an astronomical unit (AU).

The distance from the Sun to the Earth

The distance from the Sun that Jupiter is compared to Earth (in AU).

Jupiter is about 5 AU from the Sun.

Whether the distance from the Earth to the Moon is changing.

True

Why Uranus and Neptune are called Ice Giants.

They are giant planets composed mainly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.

'Ice' in planetary science refers to volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100 K, such as water, ammonia, or methane.

Uranus' original name for 70 years.

George

Where the first helium atoms originated from.

Some of the Hydrogen ions from the Big Bang fused into Helium ions, generating heat and light.

The difference between hydrogen ions and molecular hydrogen.

Hydrogen ions have no electrons and emit light.

Molecular hydrogen combines two hydrogen atoms.

H+ has no electron, very hot, emits light. H2 has two hydrogen atoms each have an electron, cool, does not emit light.

Why nuclear fusion produces heat and light.

The process releases energy because the total mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than the mass of the two original nuclei. The leftover mass becomes energy.

What the James Webb telescope focused on to create the Deep Field image.

An empty dark spot the size of a needle tip at arms distance.

The elements fused within a low-mass star like the Sun.

Hydrogen fuses into helium, Helium fuses into beryllium, Helium and beryllium fuse into carbon, Helium and carbon fuse into oxygen.

The two forces that maintain balance within a star.

Pressure (from fusion) and gravity.

The fate of the core within a low-mass star like our Sun when fusion begins to shut down.

Will transition from the sun, to a red giant, and then form a white dwarf

As the core contracts, it heats up layers around it (energy is contracted).

The fate of the outer regions of a low-mass star when fusion begins to shut down.

Forms into a white dwarf and outgas its outer layers.

The extra heat from the core contracting causes the outer regions to expand and cool (energy is distributed at a greater volume.)

Why the emitted light of dying stars is redder.

The cooler temperatures cause the star's light to shift to a redder part of the spectrum.

What planetary nebulae are.

A nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives.

Relatively small gas clouds of ionized hydrogen (H+) (which is why they glow) with low mass elements like carbon and oxygen. Result of low-mass stars outgassing their outer layers. Expansion of gas from outer regions of red giant (outgassing) as it transitions slowly to a white dwarf.

The fate of our Sun.

Will transition from the sun, to a red giant, and then form a white dwarf.

It will become a white dwarf and planetary nebula.

The fate of the largest stars.

To collapse into a black hole and explode as a supernova.

How mass effects the longevity of stars.

Smaller stars last for a very long time, but the cores condense into a white dwarf and outer regions are outgassed (Type M - A)Lifespan of about 1 billion to 1 trillion years

Medium stars cores condense into a neutron star and outer regions explode as a supernova (type A - B) Lifespan of about 10 million to 1 billion years

Large stars core condense into a black hole and outer regions explode as a supernova (Type O)Lifespan of about 1 - 10 million years

Characteristic of a red dwarf stars.

Low luminosity (say, not more than one tenth that of the sun), small mass (say, not more than three quarters that of the sun) and high density (perhaps 30-100 times the density of the sun).

The heaviest element that can be fused in the core of a high mass star.

Iron

Why supernovas occur.

They can occur due to the sudden gravitational collapse of a massive star's core.

When fusion ceases in a massive star, the core collapses very fast causing a shock (high pressure) wave that causes the outer part of the star to explode (supernova).

What supernovas do that fusion in the cores of stars cannot.

Elements heavier than ions.

Supernovae are not stable, so they can make these heavy elements beyond iron.

The processes that can generate a supernova.

They can occur due to the sudden gravitational collapse of a massive star's core.

When a white dwarf accretes material from a companion star causing it to gravitationally compress, heat up, and explode, giving ride to more heavy elements.

Why low mass stars have heavy elements.

From the remnants of large supernovas

Where the atoms in your body come from (generally, not specifically).

Remnants of stars

The correct sequence of the Solar Nebula Hypothesis (start anywhere in the cycle)

dense cloud, accretion disc, stellar system, mass loss, diffuse cloud

The source of material in current nebula.

Supernova Remnants

Where stars are born.

Gravitational forces eventually cause molecular clouds to contract into denser clumps leading to higher pressures sufficient to initiate the fusion of hydrogen into helium, giving off light and heat. (Nebulas)

The type of nebula comprised of hot hydrogen ions (H+) that glow.

Emission Nebula (as opposed to molecular clouds, which are cooled down emission Nebulas, also known as Dark Nebulas)

How the force of gravity between two objects is affected by their distance.

Inversely proportional to the distance squared

The closer the object gets, (smaller r) the greater the gravitational force.

Why nebula clumps contract.

Gravity attracting the gaseous particles in a nebula clump together. Uses newton's law (Fgrav=(Gm^1m^2)/r^2

Nebula clumps form from "shockwaves" passing through a nebula and pushing materials together, which then results in gravity taking over

How concentrating the mass of a rotating object influences its rotation rate.

Rotation rate will increase

What an accretionary disc is.

A structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body.

Why nebula clumps flatten into accretionary discs.

The up and down collisions cancel out until all the collisions flatten to the same lateral plane. However, it continues to spin to conserve angular momentum in a generally flat plane, or accretion disc.

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