Anatomy & Physiology I - Exam One

anatomy

study of body part structure and their relation to eachother

physiology

study function of body parts + how they carry out function

gross/macroscopic

study of large and visible structures

what subtopics are apart of gross/macroscopic

regional, system, and surface anatomy

regional anatomy

looks at structures in a specific area

system anatomy

looks at one system

surface anatomy

views internal structures in relation to the skin (ex visible veins)

microscopic anatomy

deals w/ structures that cant be seen w/eyes

what are microscopic anatomy subtopics

cytology and histology

what is histology

study of tissues

cytology

study of cells

developmental anatomy

looks at anatomical + physiological dev

developmental anatomy subtopic

embryology

embryology

study dev before birth

subdiv of physiology

organ systems and cellular + molecular lvls

principle of complementarity of structure + function

function + structure inseparable

struct. org. order

chem lvl->cell lvl->tissue lvl->organ lvl->organ system lvl->organismal lvl

life requirements are?

maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

why maint. of boundaries important

sep int+ext environment (ex plasma membrane)

why movement important

muscular system allow move body part via skeletal system and substance via cardiac and smooth muscle

movement's contractility

movement @ cell lvl

why repsonsiveness important

sense/respond to stimuli (ex control breathing/withdrawal effect)

why digestion important

breakdown foodstuffs into simple molecules taken by blood

why metabolism important

all chem reactions in cells

metabolism's catabolism

breakdown molecules

metabolism's anabolism

make molecules

why excretion important

remove metabolism/digestion wastes (ex urea, co2,feces)

why reproduction important

cells divide for growth/repair, organisms make offspring

why growth important

increase size of organism or body part

multicellular

cells need be kept alive via organ systems that service them

integumentary system parts

hair, skin, nail

integ. system func.

outside body covering, protect deep tissue, make vit. d, house receptors and sweat/oil glands

skeletal system parts

bones + joints

skel. system funct.

protect/support organs, give muscle framework for movement, form blood cells and store minerals

muscular system parts

skeletal muscles

musc. system funct.

manipulate environment, locomotion, face xpression, posture, make heat

nervous system parts

brain, spine, nerves

nerv. system funct.

fast control system, respond to in/xternal stim. via glands/muscles

endocrine system parts

pineal pituitary adrenal and thyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries+testis

endo. system funct.

make process-regulating horomones (ex. growth, metabolism, etc)

cardiovascular system parts

heart + blood vessels

cardiov. system funct.

vessels move blood carrying o2, co2, waste, nutrients. heart pump blood

lymphatic system parts

bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

lymph. system funct.

take leaked fluid from blood vessels + return to blood, dispose debris in lymph. stream, lymphocytes (WBCS) + immune response

respiratory system parts

nasal cav., pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs

resp. system funct.

supply blood w o2 and remove co2 using walls of lung air sacs

digestive system parts

oral cav., esophagus, liver, stomach, small + large intest. rectum, anus

digest. system funct.

break down food to absorbable parts that blood sends to c. indigestible stuff removed via feces

urinary system parts

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

rep. system (m) parts

prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

rep. system (f) parts

mammary glands (breasts), ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina

rep. system (m) funct.

testes>make sperm + (m) sex horomone, ducts+glands send sperm to female rep. tract

rep. system (f) funct.

ovaries>make egg and (f) sex horomone, rest parts are fertilization sites/fetus dev. sites, mam. glands> milk

list survival needs

nutrients, o2, h2o, normal body temp, appropriate atmosphere pressure

nutrients

used for energy and making cells. (macro and micro)

why o2 important

releases energy from food

why h2o important

give environment needed for chem reactions, fluid base for secretion/excretion, most abundant

why normal body temp important

chem reaction rates impacted if not normal

why appropriate atmospheric pressure important

certain pressure needed for breathing and gas xchange

homeostasis

maintain stable internal conditions in changing environment

what are controls needed for homestasis

variable, receptor, control center, effector

variable

factor that changes

receptor

sensor that scan environment and respond to stimuli, send input to to CC

control center

receive input from receptor, establishes set pt. where variable stays and determines response

effector

gets output from CC and gives means to respond- response reduces (-fb) or enhances stimulus (+fb)

negative feedback

most used. reduce/shut off stimulus, variable opposite direction of OG change

ex. insulin cause effector to take more glucose, drops blood glucose lvls

positive feedback

exaggerate og stimulus, more infrequent, variable same direction as OG change

ex. platelet plugging

homeostatic imbalance

inc. risk of disease, aging contributes as control systems weaken

standard anatomical position

erect body w/feet apart, palms face forward and thumbs point away

superior/cranial

toward head/upper part of body/above

inferior/caudal

away from head, toward lower body, below

anterior/ventral

toward/at front

posterior/dorsal

toward/at back/behind

medial

toward or at midline/on inner side of

lateral

away from midline/on outer side of

intermediate

between a more medial and more lateral struct.

proximal

closer to point of attachment of limb to trunk

distal

further from point of attachment of limb to trunk

superficial/external

toward/at body surface

deep/internal

away from body surface/more inside

whatre the two major divs of body?

axial and appendicular

axial division

head, neck, trunk

appendicular division

limbs both leg and arm

sagittal plane

div body vertically into left + right

midsagittal/median plane

cut made perfectly along midline

parasagittal plane

cut off center/not on mid line

frontal/coronal plane

div body vertically into posterior + anterior

transverse/horizontal plane

div body horizontally into superior + inferior

oblique section

cut at angle other than 90 deg

dorsal body cavity set

contain cranial + vertebral cav

cranial cavity

(dorsal) holds brain

vertebral cav

(dorsal) holds spine

ventral body cav set

encompasses thoracic + abdominopelvic cav

thoracic cav

holds two pleural cavs, mediastinum, + pericardial cav

pleural cav

(thoracic) hold lungs

mediastinum

(thoracic) holds other thoracic organs (ex. trachea + esophagus) and pericardial cav

pericardial cav

(thoracic) holds heart

abdominopelvic cav

has abdominal cav + pelvic cav

abdominal cav

(abdominopelvic) stomach, intestines, spleen, liver

pelvic cav

(abdominopelvic) urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum