ap test psych

in classical conditioning, what is extinction?

A) The initial learning of a conditioned response

B) The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

C) The spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response

D) The transfer of a response to a similar stimulus

B) The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US):

Definition:*A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Example:* Food in the mouth triggering salivation in a dog.

Unconditioned Response (UR):** *

Definition:* An unlearned, automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.

*Example:* Salivating when seeing food.

**3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS):**

*Definition:* A previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.

*Example:* The sound of a bell after being paired repeatedly with food, eventually causing salivation.

**4. Conditioned Response (CR):** *

Definition:* A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.

*Example:* Salivating in response to the sound of the bell alone after conditioning. Let me know if you'd like a visual diagram or further explanation!

According to Piaget's theory, what cognitive achievement characterizes the formal operational stage?

A) Object permanence

B) Conservation

C) Abstract reasoning

C) Abstract reasoning

• Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years):

• object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight).

• Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):

• tend to think egocentrically (having difficulty understanding other perspectives).

• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years):

• conservation (water in glass).

• math

• Formal Operational Stage (11+ years):

abstractt and hypothetical thinking

if three year age gap for iq what will iq be

150

mean of a standard devation

68

anxious-ambivalent attachment

• Infants who are anxious even when the caregiver is present

• Strong distress when separated from their caregiver

• Difficulty being comforted when the caregiver returns

• Often showing contradictory behaviors upon reunion (seeking contact but then resisting it)

• Secure attachment:

Child is comfortable with caregiver, moderately distressed at separation, and easily comforted upon reunion

• Avoidant attachment:

Child shows little preference for caregiver, minimal distress at separation, and often avoids or ignores caregiver upon reunion

• Disorganized attachment:

Child shows contradictory or confused behaviors, may appear dazed, fearful, or disoriented