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organic chemistry

term originally meaning “from living organisms”, now means study of “carbon containing compounds

constitutional isomers

different compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms

formal charge equation

F= V - B- U

v= valence

b= bonds

u= unshared electrons

aufbau principle

lowest energy orbitals are filled first

pauli exclusion principle

max of 2 electrons in each orbital and must have paired spins

hunds rule

add one electron to each orbital with spins unpaired until each orbital of the same energy contains one electron then fill in the 2nd electron

heisenbergy uncertainity principle

we cant simultaneouly know the position and momentum of an electron

primary carbon

attached to one other carbon

secondary carbon

attached to two other carbons

tertiary carbon

attached to three other carbons

quaternary carbon

attached to four other carbons

rank the intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest

ionic> hydrogen> dipole> dispersion

what is the range for alkane in infrared spectroscopy

2850-2960

what is the range for alkene in infrared spectroscopy

=C-H 3020-3100

C=C 1640-1680

what is the range for alkyne in infrared spectroscopy

C-H 3300

C-C 2100-2260

what is the range for alkyl halide in infrared spectroscopy

C-Cl 600-800

C-Br 500-600

what is the range for alcohol in infrared spectroscopy

OH 3400-3650 (broad)

CO 1050-1150

what is the range for arene in infrared spectroscopy

CH 3030

ring 1450-2000

what is the range for amine in infrared spectroscopy

NH 3300-3500

CN 1030-1230

what is the range for carbonyl compound in infrared spectroscopy

1670-1780

what is the range for aldehyde in infrared spectroscopy

1725

two weak bands around 2800

what is the range for ketone in infrared spectroscopy

1715

what is the range for ester in infrared spectroscopy

1735

what is the range for amide in infrared spectroscopy

1690

what is the range for carboxylic acid in infrared spectroscopy

1710 (broad)

OH 2500-3100 (broad)

what is the range for nitrile in infrared spectroscopy

2210-2260

what is the range for nitro in infrared spectroscopy

1540

mechanism

a reaction mechanims is a detailed description of the bonding changes as a reaction proceeds, plausible must be consistent with the principles or orgo

addition reactions

usually found in compounds with multiple bonds, the pi component of the multiple bond is lost as the new bonds are formed

elimination reactions

atoms are lost resulting in a multiple bond

substitiution reactions

replaces one atom or part of a molecult with another

rearrangments

same number of atoms present in reactnat and product, the bonds have a different arrangement

electrophile

more positive and electron poor species

nucleophile

more negative and electron rich species