4. Bone and Cartilage Sections

Question 1 What is the key description or significance of Cartilage?

Tough durable connective tissue with ECM rich in GAGs and proteoglycans interacting with collagen and elastic fibers.

Question 2 Which term or structure is described as: Tough durable connective tissue with ECM rich in GAGs and proteoglycans interacting with collagen and elastic fibers.

Cartilage

Question 3 What is the key description or significance of Cartilage mechanical role?

Firm matrix allows cartilage to bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion and provides cushioning/sliding surfaces in joints.

Question 4 Which term or structure is described as: Firm matrix allows cartilage to bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion and provides cushioning/sliding surfaces in joints.

Cartilage mechanical role

Question 5 What is the key description or significance of Cartilage developmental role?

Guides development and growth of long bones before and after birth.

Question 6 Which term or structure is described as: Guides development and growth of long bones before and after birth.

Cartilage developmental role

Question 7 What is the key description or significance of Chondrocyte?

Cartilage cell embedded in ECM that synthesizes and maintains matrix components.

Question 8 Which term or structure is described as: Cartilage cell embedded in ECM that synthesizes and maintains matrix components.

Chondrocyte

Question 9 What is the key description or significance of Lacuna?

Matrix cavity containing a chondrocyte.

Question 10 Which term or structure is described as: Matrix cavity containing a chondrocyte.

Lacuna

Question 11 What is the key description or significance of Chondroblast?

Young cartilage-forming cell; described as the young form of chondrocyte in the handout.

Question 12 Which term or structure is described as: Young cartilage-forming cell; described as the young form of chondrocyte in the handout.

Chondroblast

Question 13 What is the key description or significance of Cartilage blood supply?

Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients by diffusion from surrounding tissues.

Question 14 Which term or structure is described as: Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients by diffusion from surrounding tissues.

Cartilage blood supply

Question 15 What is the key description or significance of Cartilage innervation?

Cartilage itself lacks nerves.

Question 16 Which term or structure is described as: Cartilage itself lacks nerves.

Cartilage innervation

Question 17 What is the key description or significance of Perichondrium?

Dense connective-tissue sheath surrounding cartilage in most places and containing vessels that nourish cartilage.

Question 18 Which term or structure is described as: Dense connective-tissue sheath surrounding cartilage in most places and containing vessels that nourish cartilage.

Perichondrium

Question 19 What is the key description or significance of Articular cartilage?

Cartilage covering ends of bones in movable joints; lacks perichondrium and is nourished by diffusion from synovial fluid.

Question 20 Which term or structure is described as: Cartilage covering ends of bones in movable joints; lacks perichondrium and is nourished by diffusion from synovial fluid.

Articular cartilage

Question 21 What is the key description or significance of Hyaline cartilage?

Most common cartilage type; homogeneous and semitransparent when fresh.

Question 22 Which term or structure is described as: Most common cartilage type; homogeneous and semitransparent when fresh.

Hyaline cartilage

Question 23 What is the key description or significance of Hyaline cartilage at joints?

Forms articular surfaces of movable joints.

Question 24 Which term or structure is described as: Forms articular surfaces of movable joints.

Hyaline cartilage at joints

Question 25 What is the key description or significance of Hyaline cartilage in respiratory tract?

Found in nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Question 26 Which term or structure is described as: Found in nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Hyaline cartilage in respiratory tract

Question 27 What is the key description or significance of Hyaline cartilage in ribs?

Forms ventral ends of ribs where they articulate with sternum.

Question 28 Which term or structure is described as: Forms ventral ends of ribs where they articulate with sternum.

Hyaline cartilage in ribs

Question 29 What is the key description or significance of Hyaline cartilage in epiphyseal plates?

Supports longitudinal growth of long bones.

Question 30 Which term or structure is described as: Supports longitudinal growth of long bones.

Hyaline cartilage in epiphyseal plates

Question 31 What is the key description or significance of Embryonic hyaline skeleton?

Temporary embryonic skeleton that is gradually replaced by bone.

Question 32 Which term or structure is described as: Temporary embryonic skeleton that is gradually replaced by bone.

Embryonic hyaline skeleton

Question 33 What is the key description or significance of Hyaline cartilage metabolism?

Chondrocytes metabolize glucose mainly by anaerobic glycolysis in the handout.

Question 34 Which term or structure is described as: Chondrocytes metabolize glucose mainly by anaerobic glycolysis in the handout.

Hyaline cartilage metabolism

Question 35 What is the key description or significance of Elastic cartilage?

Cartilage similar to hyaline but with abundant elastic fibers and greater flexibility.

Question 36 Which term or structure is described as: Cartilage similar to hyaline but with abundant elastic fibers and greater flexibility.

Elastic cartilage

Question 37 What is the key description or significance of Auricle?

Example location of elastic cartilage.

Question 38 Which term or structure is described as: Example location of elastic cartilage.

Auricle

Question 39 What is the key description or significance of External auditory canal?

Example location of elastic cartilage.

Question 40 What is the key description or significance of Epiglottis?

Example location of elastic cartilage.

Question 41 What is the key description or significance of Auditory tube?

Example location of elastic cartilage.

Question 42 What is the key description or significance of Fibrocartilage?

Combination of hyaline-cartilage-like matrix and dense connective tissue, providing tough cushioning support.

Question 43 Which term or structure is described as: Combination of hyaline-cartilage-like matrix and dense connective tissue, providing tough cushioning support.

Fibrocartilage

Question 44 What is the key description or significance of Intervertebral disc cartilage?

Example location of fibrocartilage.

Question 45 Which term or structure is described as: Example location of fibrocartilage.

Intervertebral disc cartilage

Question 46 What is the key description or significance of Pubic symphysis cartilage?

Example location of fibrocartilage.

Question 47 What is the key description or significance of Fibrocartilage perichondrium?

Fibrocartilage lacks a distinct surrounding perichondrium.

Question 48 Which term or structure is described as: Fibrocartilage lacks a distinct surrounding perichondrium.

Fibrocartilage perichondrium

Question 49 What is the key description or significance of Bone tissue?

Specialized connective tissue composed of calcified extracellular matrix.

Question 50 Which term or structure is described as: Specialized connective tissue composed of calcified extracellular matrix.

Bone tissue

Question 51 What is the key description or significance of Bone support function?

Provides solid mechanical support and participates in body movement.

Question 52 Which term or structure is described as: Provides solid mechanical support and participates in body movement.

Bone support function

Question 53 What is the key description or significance of Bone protection function?

Protects vital organs in cranial and thoracic cavities.

Question 54 Which term or structure is described as: Protects vital organs in cranial and thoracic cavities.

Bone protection function

Question 55 What is the key description or significance of Bone marrow cavity?

Medullary cavities contain bone marrow where blood cells are produced.

Question 56 Which term or structure is described as: Medullary cavities contain bone marrow where blood cells are produced.

Bone marrow cavity

Question 57 What is the key description or significance of Bone mineral reservoir?

Bone serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions.

Question 58 Which term or structure is described as: Bone serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions.

Bone mineral reservoir

Question 59 What is the key description or significance of Canaliculus?

Very thin cylindrical space facilitating exchange between osteocytes and blood capillaries.

Question 60 Which term or structure is described as: Very thin cylindrical space facilitating exchange between osteocytes and blood capillaries.

Canaliculus

Question 61 What is the key description or significance of Endosteum?

Connective-tissue layer containing osteogenic cells on internal bone surfaces.

Question 62 Which term or structure is described as: Connective-tissue layer containing osteogenic cells on internal bone surfaces.

Endosteum

Question 63 What is the key description or significance of Periosteum?

Connective-tissue layer containing osteogenic cells on external bone surfaces.

Question 64 Which term or structure is described as: Connective-tissue layer containing osteogenic cells on external bone surfaces.

Periosteum

Question 65 What is the key description or significance of Osteoblast?

Mesenchymal-derived cuboidal bone-forming cell that produces organic matrix and supports mineral deposition.

Question 66 Which term or structure is described as: Mesenchymal-derived cuboidal bone-forming cell that produces organic matrix and supports mineral deposition.

Osteoblast

Question 67 What is the key description or significance of Osteoblast matrix products?

Type I collagen, proteoglycans, and osteonectin are listed as major organic products.

Question 68 Which term or structure is described as: Type I collagen, proteoglycans, and osteonectin are listed as major organic products.

Osteoblast matrix products

Question 69 What is the key description or significance of Osteocyte?

Most abundant bone cell; differentiated osteoblast that detects mechanical load and microdamage.

Question 70 Which term or structure is described as: Most abundant bone cell; differentiated osteoblast that detects mechanical load and microdamage.

Osteocyte

Question 71 What is the key description or significance of Osteoclast?

Very large multinucleated motile bone-resorbing cell derived from bone-marrow monocytes.

Question 72 Which term or structure is described as: Very large multinucleated motile bone-resorbing cell derived from bone-marrow monocytes.

Osteoclast

Question 73 What is the key description or significance of Howship lacuna?

Resorption lacuna associated with osteoclast activity.

Question 74 Which term or structure is described as: Resorption lacuna associated with osteoclast activity.

Howship lacuna

Question 75 What is the key description or significance of Intramembranous ossification?

Bone formation in which osteoblasts differentiate directly from condensed mesenchymal sheets and secrete osteoid.

Question 76 Which term or structure is described as: Bone formation in which osteoblasts differentiate directly from condensed mesenchymal sheets and secrete osteoid.

Intramembranous ossification

Question 77 What is the key description or significance of Endochondral ossification?

Bone formation in which a pre-existing hyaline cartilage matrix is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts.

Question 78 Which term or structure is described as: Bone formation in which a pre-existing hyaline cartilage matrix is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts.

Endochondral ossification

Question 79 What is the key description or significance of Osteon or Haversian system?

Concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and endosteum; major unit of compact bone.

Question 80 Which term or structure is described as: Concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and endosteum; major unit of compact bone.

Osteon or Haversian system

Question 81 What is the key description or significance of Haversian central canal?

Central channel of an osteon containing small vessels, nerves, and endosteum.

Question 82 Which term or structure is described as: Central channel of an osteon containing small vessels, nerves, and endosteum.

Haversian central canal

Question 83 What is the key description or significance of Epiphyseal growth plate?

Epiphyseal cartilage responsible for longitudinal growth and disappearing when bone development is complete.

Question 84 Which term or structure is described as: Epiphyseal cartilage responsible for longitudinal growth and disappearing when bone development is complete.

Epiphyseal growth plate

Question 85 What is the key description or significance of Inorganic bone matrix?

About 50% of dry weight in handout; rich in calcium hydroxyapatite plus other ions and calcium phosphate.

Question 86 Which term or structure is described as: About 50% of dry weight in handout; rich in calcium hydroxyapatite plus other ions and calcium phosphate.

Inorganic bone matrix

Question 87 What is the key description or significance of Hydroxyapatite?

Most abundant inorganic mineral component listed for bone matrix.

Question 88 Which term or structure is described as: Most abundant inorganic mineral component listed for bone matrix.

Hydroxyapatite

Question 89 What is the key description or significance of Organic bone matrix?

Approximately 90% type I collagen with proteoglycans, osteonectin, osteocalcin, and phosphatases.

Question 90 Which term or structure is described as: Approximately 90% type I collagen with proteoglycans, osteonectin, osteocalcin, and phosphatases.

Organic bone matrix

Question 91 What is the key description or significance of Osteonectin?

Matrix glycoprotein listed as an osteoblast product and organic bone-matrix component.

Question 92 Which term or structure is described as: Matrix glycoprotein listed as an osteoblast product and organic bone-matrix component.

Osteonectin

Question 93 What is the key description or significance of Osteocalcin?

Calcium-binding protein in organic bone matrix; also involved in calcification of growth-plate matrix.

Question 94 Which term or structure is described as: Calcium-binding protein in organic bone matrix; also involved in calcification of growth-plate matrix.

Osteocalcin

Question 95 What is the key description or significance of Compact bone?

Cortical bone; dense near the surface and approximately 80% of total bone mass in the handout.

Question 96 Which term or structure is described as: Cortical bone; dense near the surface and approximately 80% of total bone mass in the handout.

Compact bone

Question 97 What is the key description or significance of Cancellous bone?

Trabecular/spongy bone with interconnecting cavities and approximately 20% of total bone mass.

Question 98 Which term or structure is described as: Trabecular/spongy bone with interconnecting cavities and approximately 20% of total bone mass.

Cancellous bone

Question 99 What is the key description or significance of Woven bone?

Immature, primary or bundle bone; newly calcified bone.

Question 100 Which term or structure is described as: Immature, primary or bundle bone; newly calcified bone.

Woven bone