BioSi Microbiology Cumulative Deck

where is Candida albicans found?

normal flora in skin, mouth, small intestine, vagina

how does respiratory tract get rid of fungus?

mucous membranes trap inhaled fungi spores

cells then phagocytose fungi

granuloma formation can wall off fungi so it doesn't spread

mycotoxicosis

where toxins of fungi are ingested

what do amanita mushroom toxins cause?

hepatotoxicity

what toxins are made by aspergillum flavus? what do they cause?

aflatoxins

casue liver damage and hepatic carcinoma - p53 mutation

what fungi has spores that lead to asthmatic reactions?

aspergillus

drugs made from what mold cause systemic allergic reactions?

penicillum

which antifungals are tolerated well?

B-glucan inhibitors (echinocandins) because we do not have similarity in our cells

human fungus skin pathogens

candidiasis

dermatophytoses (tinea)

what can Candida albicans form during tissue invasion?

hyphae

what can cause:

thrush

vaginitis

diaper rash

intertrigo

Candida albicans

what can cause chronic mucocutaneosu candidiasis

Candida albicans in immunocompromised

what commonly breaks out in healthcare faciliities by nosocomial spread?

candida auris

dermatophyte fungi

type

cause

transmission

trichophyton

epidermophyton

microsporum

causes tinea

direct contact transmission - only superficial infection

tinea capitus

tinea corporis

tinea cruris

tinea pedis

tinea capitus - head (trichophyton)

tinea corporis - body, ringworm

tinea cruris - groin, jock itch

tinea pedis - foot

ring worm

tinea corporis

jock itch

tinea cruris

cryptococcus neoformans

type

transmission

cause

yeast

inhalation - pigeon feces (carrier)

meningitis, brain infection, pneumonia in immunocompromised

aspergillus fumigatus

type

transmission

causes

mold only

inhalation - skin, eyes, ears, sinuses, organs

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis - fungus call

brain abscesses in immunocompromised

what causes fungus ball?

aspergillus fumigatus

most common cause of fungal sinusitis?

aspergillus fumigatus

what fungus causes corneal infection and external ear infection?

aspergillus fumigatus

coccidioides

types

type

transmission

cause

immitis and posadasii

dimorphic

arthrospores - inhalation

cocci - lung infection ( resembles CAP)

what fungi makes arthrospores and is dimorphic?

coccidioides

histoplasma capsulatum

type

transmission

virulence

casue

dimorphic

soil, bird feces, bats

liver and spleen

survive phagolysosome by producing alkaline substances like bicarbonate and ammonia to inactivate enzymes

lung infection

cavitary lung lesions

ulcerated tongue lesion

erythema nodosum

what fungi survive phagolysosome by producing alkaline substances like bicarbonate and ammonia to inactivate enzymes ?

histoplasma capsulatum

what fungi causes erythema nodosum?

histoplasmosis

blastomyces dermatitidis

type

transmission

cause

soil

dimorphic

inhalation of spores

blastomycosis

acute or chronic pneumonia

ulcerated granulomas

can be fatal

what has yeast and protozoan aspects but is classified as fungus?

pneumocystic jiroveci

pneumocystis jiroveci tx

tmp-smx or antiparasits

antifungals are inneffective

protista:

cell membrane

cell wall

organelles

flexible cell membrane

cyst can have cell wall

anaerobic respiration organelles - contractile vacuole (osmotic gradient), digestive vacuoles, cytosome (mouth)

multi nucleus

some dont have golgi

sarcodina, sporozoa, mastigophoran and ciliate are

singel celled protozoa

what protista are multicellular?

metazoan - helminths or worms

Platyhelminthes are

flatworms

Cestoda are

tapeworms (flatworms/platyhelminthes)

tremotoda are

flukes (flatworms/platyhelminthes)

nemathlminths are

roundworms and nematodes

how are Giardia, helminths, entamoeba, cryptosporidium and toxoplasma transmitted?

ingestion of contaminated food or water with cysts

how are toxoplasma and pinworms transmitted?

ingestion of cysts on unwashed fingers

how are plasmodium, babesia, anaplasma, trypanosoma, and leishmania transmitted?

via insect vectors - ticks, flies or msoquitos

how is schistosome transmitted?

penetration of skin with larvae

what causes flask shaped ulcers in the intestines with mucus, bloody diarrhea and granulomatous lesions (ameboma) that look like adenocarcinoma?

entamoeba histolytica

what can cause liver, brain and lung abscesses?

entamoeba histolytica

what do hikers get from stream water?

gairdia lamblia

what can be passed by anal-oral transmission?

giardia lamblia

what causes foul smelling watery diarrhea, inflammation of duodenal mucosa and malabsorption o protein and fat?

giardia lamblia

what does cryptosporidium hominis cause?

watery diarrhea

what doesn't have cyst form?

trichomonas vaginalis

babesia microti

what is pear shaped with central nucleolus and 4 anterior flagella and undulating membrane?

trichomonas vaginalis

what causes strawberry cervix with punctate hemorrhages, smelly yellow/green discharge and itching/burning in women?

trichomonas vaginalis

what causes malaria?

plasmodium

what do malaria merozoites infect?

RBCs

malaria virulence

chloroquine resistance for plasmodium falciparum - this is also more sever anemia

babesia scapulars vector

ixodes scapulars tick

babesia scapularis coinfection

borrelia burgdorferi

anaplasma phagocytophilum

what causes fever, headache, myalgia, jaundice, anemia, renal insufficiency, hepatosplenomegaly

babesia microti - babesiosis

heterophil negative mononucleosis affecting brain, liver, lungs, and eyes

toxoplasmosis gondii

toxoplasmosis gondii in AIDS patients

or other immunocompromised

life threatening disseminate disease

encephalitis

brain eating amoebas

where are they found

acanthamoeba castellanii

naegleria fowleri

free living in warm freshwater

what are taenia

platyhelminths (flat or tapeworms)

which taenia is in cattle? pig?

t. saginata cattle

t. solium - pig

t. sodium casues

taeniasis and cysticercosis

anorexia and diarrhea

cysticercosis - space occupying lesions - brain, uveitis, retinitis

taenia virulence

scolex attached to intestinal wall with suckers hooks or grooves

what are schistosoma

flukes

penetrate skin

freshwater snails intermediate host

humans definitive host

schistosome mansoni and japonica impact where? s. haematobium?

mansoni and japonica - GI

haematobium - urinary

swimmers itch

schistosoma

pinworm voruelnce

noncellular highly resistant coating or cuticle

what causes perineal itching from eggs?

pinworms

what causes pediculosis

lice

cimix lectularis

bed bug

what causes extensive crusted dermatitis

scabies

carriers

individuals who are asymptomatic but carry viruses or parasites that are not considered normal flora

act as reservoir

considered colonized

typhoid mary

carried salmonella typhi in gallbladder - typhoid fever

areas of body that are normally sterile

CNS, blood, lower bronchi/aveoli, liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder

*can have transient microorganisms

what compounds do normal flora produce?

bacteriocins, lactic acids, etc. to inhibit pathogenic bacteria

what can normal flora digest?

indigestible plant fibers - short-chain fatty acids

what nutrition do intestinal bacteria produce?

vitamin B: folate, biotin

vitamin K

(also help absorb iron)

what happens in people on antibiotics who are malnourished?

vitamin deficiencies - normal flora not present for vit B and K

staphylococcus epidermidis and aureus

gram positive bacteria found on our skin

can live in hair follicles - resistant to hand washing

staphylococcus epidermidis risk

can cause disease reaches artificial heart valves or prosthetic joints

what bacteria can be found in deeper skin follicles/pores?

propionibacterium and peptococcus

what causes acne?

propionibacterium acnes

candida albicans

part of normal flora but can cause systemic infections in patients with reduced cell-mediated immunity

sepsis if in blood stream (IVDU or IV catheters)

demodex

mites - normal flora

obligate ectoparasites

help clean hair follicles - eyelashes and eyebrows

too much -> blepharitis

respiratory tract: nose

S. Aureus and S. epidermidis found mainly in nose

*S. epidermidis inhibits S. aureus

respiratory tract: nasopharynx flora

corynebacterium, haemophilus, neisseria, moraxella catarrhalis, viridans streptococci, strep. penumoniae

what inhibits strep. pyogenes?

viridans streptococci

what inhibits N. meningitidis?

neisseria species

strep. mutans (vridnas streptococci) can cause what? how?

found in dental plaque and is a main agent of caries;

demineralizes enamel with acid production

what does strep. sanguinis (a viridans streptococci) have the potential to cause? when/why?

can cause bacterial endocarditis if it enters the bloodstream during dental surgery

attaches to damaged / prosthetic heart valves

what can eikenella corrodes cause?

part of normal flora - no issues unless it gets into broken skin

cause skin or soft tissue infections from human bites and "clenched fist" injuries

what type of bacteria is in gingival crevices?

anaerobic bacteria: bacterioides, prevotella, fusobacterium, clostridium, peptostreptococcus, actinomyces

what can dysbiosis cause in gingival crevices?

periodontal disease which can be aspirated and cause lung disease

what can actinomyces Israelii cause?

abscesses in jaw, lungs, or abdomen

stomach organisms

not many organisms because it is so acidic

what percentage of feces is bacteria?

20% - 90% of which are anaerobes

healthy human gut flora

bacteriodetes and firmicutes

bacteriodes fragilis, prevotella, faecilbacterium, clostridium perfrigens

"bad" bugs of gut

proteobacteria, actinobacteria

salmonella, E. coli, actinomyces

gut flora in IBD

more proteobacteria and actinobacteria (instead of bacteriodetes and firmicutes)

lactobacillus helps to

digest dairy