Social Work exam

Epigenetics

the study of how the molecules around our DNA regulate the entire genome

adverse childhood experiences

incidents of psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect that effect the teenage, adult outcomes.

Trauma-informed social work practice

emerging area of social work,responds directly ti the needs of children or adults whose development may have included ACES.

Cognative-Behavioural Therapy

structured, time-limited approach to psycho-therapy that aims to adress clients current problems.

Trauma-Focused Cognative Behavioural Therapy

Psychosocial treatment model, designed to treat post traumatic stress and other emotional/behavioral in children aged 3-18

Solution Focused Brief Therapy

emphasis on constructing solutions rather than resolving problems.

Ethnic and Racal Identity Development

Psychological construst that reflects the beliefs/ attitudes that people have about their ethnic-racial group membership.

African American Identity Development: The Cross Model

focusing on how different people can move through the process of developing a positive identity as a black person differently. Includes the Nigrescence theory.

Cross Racial Identity Scale

expanded verison of cross’s original nigrescence theory

4 Stages of Nigrescence

1. Pre-encounter

2. Encounter

3. Immersion- Emersion

4. Internalization

Afrocentric/ African-Centered Models

based on traditional african philosophical assumptions that are used to explain and to solve human and societal problems.

Code-switching

switching back and fourth, acting in a way to make other people comfortable

Helm’s White Racial Identity Development

the ignorance of racism and the significance of race in the US, hightened awareness of race and racism in effort ti become nonracist.

Multiracial, Multiethnic and Biracial Stages of development

1. Preschool (become aware of differences)

2. Entry to School (questions from other children)

3. Preadolescence (sensative to differences)

4. Adolescence (pressure to choose a group)

5. College/ Young Adulthood ( identify as one culture, rejection of others)

6. Adulthood (continue to learn about their race’s)

Culturally Attuned Practice

Having skills and knowledge about SW own cultural identity and beliefs and those of the client.

Heterosexual Identity Development

includes, biopsychosocial considerations and individual and social identity

Developmental Statuses of Heterosexual Identity Development

1. Unexplored commitments

2. Active exploration

3. Diffusion

4. Deepening commitment

5. Synthesis

Cass Model of Homosexuality Identity Development Stages

1. Identity Confusion

2. Identity Comparison

3. Identity Tolerance

4. Identity Acceptance

5. Identity Pride

6. Identity Synthesis

Bisexual Identity Development

Includes the Kinsey Scale (scale of heterosexuality or homosexuality limitations to fall in the middle), Klein Sexual Orenintation Grid (components to determine wheather someone is hetero or homosexual)

Gender and Identity Development

Includes the Feminist Model, lack of acceptance of traditional perspectives and expectations of women

Women and Development : A Different Voice

Includes Carol Giligans work on challenging traditional perspectives on human development. Moving away from seeing the world through a mans eyes.

Transgender Identity Development

people whose gender identity does not align to the gender they were born into. Problems with being diagnosed as a mental disorder.

White Male Identity Development : The Key Model

circular rather than a linear stage based model that development can occur in multipe directions at the same point rather than following perscribed steps.

Technology and Identity Development

youth spending more time online, online communitys can be dangerous and helpful for youth to have communities.

Types of Families

family of choice, family of orgin, family of procreation

Current Family Challenges

adressing mental health issues

violence

poverty

racial and ethnic differences

Social Work and Families

understanding how to support families, consider spiritual and religious family based interventions, testing family based interventions.

Family- Centered Social Work

case magagement, counseling or therapy for families with problems that threaten their stability

Attachment Theory

Approach to assesment, intervention and prevention. Human beings have a natural inclination to make and maintain lasting bonds.

5 Types of Attachment

1. Secure Attachment

2. Anxious- Ambivalent Attachment

3. Anxious-Avoident Attachment

4. Disorganized Attachment

5. Parenting Style

Modern Attachment Theory- Regulation Theory

Attachment styles are the product of nature and nurture. Defined in the first year of a childs life

Family Lifecycle

Four stages that familys should go through. This process can be intrupted but should be able to continue once the problem is solved.

Blended Family Lifecycle

Usually result because of spousal death. A family where the child is related to only one of the adults.

Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention

individusal sessions with child or caregiver, used for children and adolescents who have experienced a potentially traumatic event within the last 30 days

Trauma Adapted Family Connections

For families who struggle to meet the basic needs of children. Reduces risk factors for child maltreatment. One session each week for 6 months.

Grandparents as Parents

Form of kinship care, becoming more andd more common. This can result in multiple stressors due to age of the caregiver.

African American Families: Ecological Perspective

Teaching children to recognize and deal with racism. Emphasises the interaction of individuals with the social environment.

Women and Families

Debating who should be in charge of family work. Incorporates a gender perspective which rejects gender as a static norm or ideal.

Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Families

Difficulties with acceptances from communitys. Difficulties with adoptions. The ability to parent a child in an open way, where they can fully express themselves.

Heterosexual, Gay and Transgender Men and Fatherhood

A diverse way of parenting usually due to larger factors. May experience discrimination and difficulties if they are a lone parent.

Disability and Families and Children

explanations explained in 3 models: Moral model, Medical model and Social model. Protected by the ADA

4 Small Group Models

1. Social goals Model

2. Remedial Model

3. Reciprocal Model

4. Mainstream Model

Task Level

Concerned with the accomplishment of the concrete goals of the group

Process Dimension

Concerned with the nature of the realationships among the members and their impact on the functioning of the group.

4 Types of Membership

1. Formal or full psychological membership

2. Marginal members

3. Aspiring member

4. Involuntary membership

3 types of leadership

1. Democratic

2. Autocratic

3. Laissez- Faire

Role conflict

Disparity that an Individual experiences among competing roles

3 Types of Group Roles

1. Product- focused

2. Process- focused

3. Individual- focused

Types of Groups for Adressing Oppression

1. Consciousness- raising

2. Treatment

3. Social action

4. Network and support

5. Skills

6. Multiethnic

Types of Organizations

1. Private for-profit

2. Governmental

3. Private not-for-profit

Human Service Organization Goals

1. Social care

2. Social control

3. Rehabilitation

Classical/ Tradition Organization Theory

Values, efficiency and effectiveness, does not care as much about well being of workers

Human Relations Theory

An alternative theory which puts emphasis on the fact that organizations consist of groups of people

Buraucracy

An organizational structure that is characterised by many rules and processes. Interactions between workers is impersonal

Theory X

More consistant with traditional paradigm thinking, mangers should control workers

Theory Y

Assumptions about human motivations are consistent with the human relations theory. More concerned with the core values of social work. This approach is more alternative

Systems Theory

Represents a middle ground between traditional and alternative paradigms, include a closed and open system.

Contingency Theory

The effectiveness of any organizational action, is determined due to all other aspects and conditions within the organization. Decision making is a majour concern.

Organizational Life Cycle Theory

Proposes that organizations over time, progress through predictable stages of development. Critisism is that organizations may go back and fourth between stages.

6 Stage Life- Cycle Model of Organizations

1. The Birth phase

2. The Entrepreneurial phase

3. The Growth phase

4. The Maturity phase

5. The Revival phase

6. The Decline phase

The Iron Law of Oligarchy

An alternative approach, rather than needs of the group as a whole being met, only needs of an eliete few who control the organization were met.

Trait-Based Leadership

To have effective organizational leadership some traits include, high energy level, self-confidence, emotional stability and maturity. An alternative theory

Inclusive Leaders and Organizations

Focuses on inclusivity and diversity, compromising is important for all members to feel a sense of belongingness. An alternative theory

Authentic Leadership

Genuinly seeks out the viewpoints of organizational members. An alternative approach which includes shared goals, a reward system and role models.

Ethical Leadership

Leaders help employees learn ethical values. Stakeholders can count on these types of leaders. They sometime use punishment to enforce standards.

Servant Leadership

Manage organizational challenges while avoiding personal intrest. Stakeholders see leadership as an oportunity to service individuals, organizations and community. Components include, listening, empathy and commitment.

Ethical Climate

A organizational enviroment which reflects the “right behaviour” in terms of inclusion ,trust and mutuality. Different types of enviroments include, Instrumental, caring, indipendance, law and code and rules.

Organizational Change Theory

A process that occurs in a human service organization as a result from internal pressures which causes modification to goals, strategies and structures of the organization.

3 Levels of Inensity for Organizational Change

1. Developmental (least threatening, includes adjustments or improvements

2. Transitional (implementing something new and getting rid of old ways of operating)

3. Transformational (major shifts in vision,strategy or structure)

Critical Theory of Organizations

create socities and workplaces which are free from domination, This is an alternative approach.

Stakeholder Theory

Feminist approach, build upon recognization of interdependence.

Feminist Theory’s

Learning organization, Learning culture, Caring organizations, all theorys fostor a sense of purpose among members and makes sure they are all included.

Network Organizations

Organizations work with multiple others to achieve common goals. This is in line with the approaches to feminist theory.

Chaos/ Complexity Theory and Organizations

systems can and do adapt to changes in their environment. Components include change and flexibility, diversity, and spirituality.

Diversity Management

organizational actions that are designed to include employees from various backgrounds into the formal and informal organizational structures. Human service organizations still struggle to create a diverse workforce.

Community as Place

Traditional perspective, associates a community with a geographical location.

Nonplace Community/ Post-Place Community

Not an attachment to a specific geographical organization. Relationships and social bonds define the community. Alternative perspective.

Identificational Communities

Type of non-place community, groups such as ethnic, cultural and religious who are connected through friendship, groups or workplace. Professions are also included.

Community as Locality- Relevant Functions

combination of social untits and systems that perform major social functions such as socialization, mutual support and social participation.

Virtual Community

An online space where people from all areas of the world can connect who share a common interest. These can include social or professional communities.

White-flight

White residents leave a neighborhood because african american families begin to move in.

Blockbusting

White peoples fears about African american families moving in are used to maipulate the housing market.

Racial Steering

Process that perpetuates existing patterns of segregation.

Redlining

Practice used by banks which prevents low-income people or people of colour from aquiring loans to become homeowners rather than renters.

Global / International Social Work

All areas of social work must adapt indigenous knowledge, and have a macro-focus

Enviromental Social Work

Suggests a new paradigm for a sustainable enviroment.

Green Social Work/ Ecosocial Work

Seeks to shift the paradigm towards an enviromental approach, offers a hollistic approach.

Groupthink

Prioritzing cohesion and consensus, considering risks and alternative ideas. Leaders should avoid groupthink.

3 Approaches to Community change

1. Locality development (community change by community)

2. Social planning (problem solve within community)

3. Social action (making changes for disadvantaged people)

Asset based community development

New urbanism , create padestrian center spaces for social equity

4 Types of Capital

1. Social (relationships and connections)

2. Cultural (values and practices to validate differences)

3. Economic (material assets used to meet basic needs)

4. Human (health, knowledge and ability of individuals)

Community Initatives

Response to proverty reduction, strengths based other than needs based approach

Embedded Foundations

Impact of donations for the foundation (charatable donation)

Disability Independant Living

Economic justice for people with diabilities, seen as active responsible consumer rather than clients or patients