Memory, Human Development, Motivation & Emotion, and Personality

These flashcards cover key concepts from the topics of memory, human development, motivation and emotion, and personality, providing definitions and explanations of essential terms.

Memory Encoding

The process of converting information into a form usable in memory.

Storage

Retaining information over time.

Retrieval

Bringing stored information to mind.

Sensory memory

Brief storage for sensory information.

Short-term memory

Holds small amounts of information briefly.

Long-term memory

Stores information for long periods.

Maintenance rehearsal

Repeating information to maintain it in memory.

Elaborative processing

Linking new information to existing knowledge.

Chunking

Grouping information to enhance its capacity.

False memories

Incorrect recollections of events.

Procedural memory

Memory for skills and tasks (e.g., bike riding).

Declarative memory

Memory for facts and events.

Semantic memory

Memory for general knowledge.

Episodic memory

Memory for personal experiences.

Explicit memory

Conscious recall of information.

Implicit memory

Unconscious recall of information.

Forgetting

Inability to retrieve information.

Proactive interference

Old information affects recall of new information.

Retroactive interference

New information affects recall of old information.

Repression

Unconscious blocking of memories.

Amnesia

Loss of memory.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events before an injury.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an injury.

Flashbulb memories

Vivid emotional memories of significant events.

Mnemonics

Techniques to improve memory retention.

Parentese

High-pitched speech aiding language acquisition.

Attachment styles

Patterns of attachment in relationships, e.g., secure, avoidant.

Zone of proximal development

What can be done with help.

Scaffolding

Guided support in learning.

Erikson's stages

Psychosocial development stages from trust/mistrust to integrity/despair.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A motivational theory comprising five levels: physiological to self-actualization.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by internal rewards.

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards.

Basic emotions

Fundamental emotional states: joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise.

Arousal theory

Theory that suggests optimal levels of stimulation motivate behavior.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed.

Dark triad

Personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.

Big Five personality traits

A model of personality based on five dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Self-actualization

The realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potentials.

Behavioral genetics

The study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors.