CNS Stimulants & Drug Anesthetizing the Peripheral Nerves (Local Anesthetics)

CNS Stimulants/Respiratory Analeptics

Doxapram

Stimulates aortic artery & carotid artery, leading to spasms to contract blood; overdosage causes convulsion

Nikethamide

Has lower function than Doxapram, its side effect: initially depresses the brain, followed by excitement. This is also hard to find

Methylxanthines

These are natural plant derivatives, which are alkaloids in the forms of caffeine, theophylline, & theobromine

Caffeine

This methylxanthine stimulates brain, cardiovascular sys, and little action in respiratory sys.
also stimulates urinary sys & GIT; has antioxidant action

Theophylline

A methylxanthine from tea leaves. has a lipolysis and antioxidant action.

Aminophylline

This methylxanthine is a beta 2 selective bronchodilator, used for Tx “broken-wind“ in horses

Theobromine

A methylxanthine coming from cocoa; stimulates cortex for increased motor and mental ability

Experimental Antagonist

A type of CNS stimulant that causes depression and is commonly used

4-aminopyridine

This experimental antagonist is used for Tx for Tetanus or paralysis caused by C. botulinum

Yohimbine

An alpha-blocker, used to correct sedation, arrythmia, and hypertension (assoc. w/amitraz)

Tolazoline

An experimental antagonist, adrenergic blocker which stimulates the brain, used when there is histamine release (allergic rxn)

Carbon Dioxide

Stimulates brain for oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange

Strychnine

An alkaloid from Strychnos Vomica; not used because of its higher toxicologic effect than the pharmacologic effect

Local Anesthetics

Drugs applied locally to nerve tissue in effective concentration, to provide relief from pain by blocking conduction of a sensory nerve impulse. It has no effect on consciousness

Procaine

A local anesthetic drug used as infiltration, nerve-block, paravertebral epidural anesthesia

Hexylcaine

A local anesthetic drug used as epidural, infiltration, nerve-block, topical, paravertebral anesthesia

Lidocaine (aka lignocaine)

Most common local anesthetic drug in vetmed; used in infiltration, nerve-block, epidural, & topical anesthesia. It has anti-arrhythmic action, which counters the cases of increasing cardiac rate and arterial pressure. It also prevents intracranial hypertension

Tetracaine

A long acting local anesthetic drug (can be combined with epinephrine because it has no vasoconstriction effect). It also lasts longer than proparacaine in ophthalmic surgery

Proparacaine

A local anesthetic drug of choice in ophthalmologists and chemically similar to mepivacaine. It is used as surface/topical anesthesia.

Prilocaine

A local anesthetic drug that has higher potency and longer duration than lidocaine (also chemically similar). Used in epidural, intrathecal, infiltration, and nerve-block.

Mepivacaine

It is a local anesthetic drug that is twice more potent than lidocaine. Used in nerve-blocking, infiltration, regional spinal route anesthesia

Bupivacaine

It is the most long acting local anesthetic drug that is 4x more potent than lidocaine. It is used in regional, nerve-blocking, epidural, & spinal route

Cetacaine

It is a local anesthetic drug that is a combination drug made up of: 2% tetracaine 14% benzocaine & 2% butamben it is used as a topical anesthesia

Benzocaine

It is a local anesthetic drug used as topical and infiltration anesthesia. commonly used in dentistry

Ropivacaine

It is a long acting local anesthetic drug. Potency is nearly high as bupivacaine. Used as epidural and spinal anesthetic

Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA)

When lidocaine and prilocaine in their base forms are mixed at 2.5 w/w% each, they will form this mixture.