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New Deal

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression, aiming to provide relief, recovery, and reform.

First New Deal (1933–1935)

Focused on immediate economic relief and recovery through programs like the CCC, AAA, and TVA.

Second New Deal (1935–1939)

Focused on long-term economic reform and social welfare, creating the Social Security Act and Wagner Act.

Hundred Days

The first three months of FDR’s presidency when Congress passed a historic wave of legislation to tackle the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act (1933)

Established the FDIC, which insured bank deposits and separated commercial from investment banking.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)

A work relief program that employed young men in reforestation, national park maintenance, and flood control.

National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933)

Aimed to stimulate industry through codes of fair competition and gave workers the right to unionize.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (1933)

Aimed to reduce crop overproduction by paying farmers to cut back on production.

Dust Bowl (1930s)

Severe drought and soil erosion in the Great Plains that led to mass migration and federal conservation efforts.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Also called the 'Indian New Deal', aimed to restore tribal self-government and preserve Native American culture.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933)

Government-run power company that built dams and hydroelectric plants in the Tennessee Valley.

Social Security Act (1935)

Established a pension system for retired workers and created unemployment insurance and aid for the disabled.

Wagner Act (1935)

Guaranteed workers the right to unionize and bargain collectively, creating the National Labor Relations Board.

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Established minimum wage, set maximum work hours, and banned child labor for workers under 16 years old.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) (1935)

Labor union founded to organize unskilled workers, which later merged with the AFL in 1955 to form the AFL-CIO.

Court-Packing Plan (1937)

FDR’s controversial plan to expand the Supreme Court by adding new justices, seen as an attempt to overpower the judiciary.

Keynesianism

Economic theory advocating government deficit spending to stimulate the economy, adopted by FDR during economic downturns.