Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

What is dehydration synthesis

2 monomers come together to create a polymer, releasing a water molecule in the process

Hydrolysis

breaking a polymer apart by consuming a water molecule

What are glycosidic bonds?

COVALENT bonds between monosaccharides

Carbohydrate function

• gives structure to plant and bacteria cell walls
  - makes up chitin
  - major source of energy

What is the name of the monomer and polymer

Monomer: monosaccharide
 
Polymer: polysaccharide

what is the 1, 2, 1 ratio?

C, H, O has a ratio of 1, 2, 1

EX. C6H12O6

Aldose vs Ketose

aldose: carbonyl group at the end

Ketose: carbonyl group in the middle

Types of Monosaccharides

• Glucose: energy for cells
  - Galactose: found in milk
  - Fructose: found in fruit

Two forms of Glucose

stereoisomer

B - glucose: -OH at the top

a - glucose: -OH at the bottom

Differentiating between glucose, galactose, and fructose

• Glucose and galactose are stereoisomers 
  
  Glucose: -OH on the bottom left
  Galactose: -OH on top left
  
  Fructose: has carbonyl group, literally looks diff than glucose and galactose

Types of Disaccharides

Maltose: beer
Lactose: milk
Sucrose: table sugar

Maltose is made of…

glucose - glucose

Lactose is made of…

Glucose - galactose

Sucrose is made of…

glucose - fructose

Types of Polysaccharides

• Starch
  - Glycogen
  - Cellulose

Starch characteristics

• branched
  - can be 1, 4, or 1, 6 glycosidic bond

Glycogen characteristics

• highly branched
  - can be 1, 4 or 1, 6 glycosidic bond

Cellulose characteristics

• linear
  - only 1, 4 glycosidic bond (this creates that linear formation)