chapter 5 combined

bradykinesia

slow movement

dyskinesia

involuntary movement

fibromyalgia

chronic disorder with symptoms of musculoskeletal pain

hemiplegia

inability to move one side of the body

hyperkinesia

abnormal increase in movement

muscular dystrophy

group of diseases that results in muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue

myalgia

pain in the muscles

myasthenia gravis

disease that causes weakness in muscles

paralysis

inability to move

paraplegia

inability to move the legs

paresis

mild to moderate muscle weakness

quadriplegia

inability to move all limbs

sprain

stretching or tearing of the ligaments

strain

stretching or tearing of the tendons or muscles

tendonitis

inflammation of tendons

atrophy

without growth

electromyography

test that measures the muscles response to stimulation

glycolytic

pertaining to an energy pathway that results in the breakdown of glucose

hyperplasia

enlargement of a tissue caused by increased cell multiplication

hypertrophy

enlargement of tissue caused by increased cell size

myoglobin

oxygen carrying protein found in muscles

neuromuscular

relating to nerves and muscles

orthopedics

area of medicine that cares for disorders of the muscles and bones

oxidative

requiring oxygen

tendon

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

tetany

involuntary contraction of the muscles leading to muscle cramps

concentric contraction

contraction in which the muscle shortens

eccentric contraction

contraction in which the muscle lengthens

isometric contraction

contraction in which the muscle does not change length

isotonic contraction

contraction in which the muscle changes length

abduction

movement away from the body or midline

adduction

movement toward the body or midline

depression

movement downward

elevation

movement upward

dorsiflexion

moving the ankle upward so the toes point up

plantar flexion

moving the ankle downward so the toes point down

eversion

moving the ankle medially so the sole faces outward

inversion

moving the ankle medially so the sole faces inward

extension

movement that causes straightening of a joint

flexion

movement that causes bending of a joint

pronation

movement of the wrist so the palm faces down

supination

movement of the wrist so the palm faces up

protraction

movement anteriorly

retraction

movement posteriorly

rotation

movement around an axis

epimysium

dense connective tissue that covers a single skeletal muscle

fascicles

a bundle of structures that make up skeletal muscle

perimysium

dense connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

skeletal muscle fibers

a single cell of skeletal muscle

endomysium

connective tissue layer that surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber

sarcolemma

a membrane that surrounds a skeletal muscle fiber

myofibrils

smaller fibers within a skeletal muscle fiber

sarcoplasmic reticulum

a network of tubes that surrounds each myofibril; holds calcium needed for muscle contraction

myosin

thick protein filaments

actin

thin protein filaments

sarcomeres

contractile units made from stacked actin and stacked myosin filaments

ab-

away

ad-

towards

-asthenia

weakness

bi-

two

brachi

arm

brevis

short

cardio

heart

carpi

wrist

-ceps

head

digiti

finger or toe

duct

to move

fibr(o)

fiber

-ic

pertaining to

infra-

below

inter-

between

-ium

tissue

kines(i)

movement

-lemma

sheath

longus

long

maximus

large

micro-

small

minimi / minimus

little

myo-

muscle

oblique

at an angle

-oid

likeness

-plasm

substance of a cell

quad-

four

sacro-

flesh; tissue

semi-

half

stria-

stripes; striated

sub-

below

supra-

above

tri-

three

-troph

growth