(B4) Characteristics of Parasitic Alimentary Diseases of Horses

what is coccidias parasite (Rare Eggs)

Eimeria leuckarti

what is it (Rare Eggs)

Eimeria leuckarti

what are 2 rare eggs (Rare Eggs)

1. Eimeria leuckarti

2. liver flukes

what is the scientific name for liver flukes (Rare Eggs)

Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus

what life cycle do liver flukes have (Rare Eggs)

indirect

what are the intermediate host of liver flukes (Rare Eggs)

Planorbid snails / Ramshorn Snails

clinical signs (6) (Equine Bots)

1. horse licking its legs

2. horse may try rubbing its face or try biting strange objects to ease the irritation within its mouth

3. oral ulcers

4. Colic

5. poor appetite

6. abdominal pain

how to treat (4) (Equine Bots)

1. removal of the eggs is essential to prevent the life cycle of the bots from escalating.

2. Using a tool called a bot knife to scrape the eggs off the hide.

3. spraying the horse with a suitable fly spray preparation during the bot fly season.

4. Deworming medication can assist the horse to move the larvae out of the stomach

how to prevent (2) (Equine Bots)

1. horse is stabled or in a stall, using strong fans during the summer will decrease the population of the bot fly from that area.

2. Removing all horse droppings from the paddocks and fields will also help reduce the amount of reinfection by your horse.

beep

boop

what is the parasite that is pinworms

Oxyuris equi

what is life cycle (pinworms)

direct

what kind of migration (pinworms)

Mucosal migration.

where do adults live (pinworms)

large intestine

where do females lay eggs (pinworms)

Females crawl out of the anus to lay eggs, which stick to perineal hair and skin.

clinical signs (2) (pinworms)

1. Rubbing tail

2. pruritus of anal region.

how to diagnose (pinworms)

Scotch tape mount

how to treat (2) (pinworms)

1. Most available anthelmintics.

2. Added treatment of washing perineum and perianal region may help relieve symptoms.

how to prevent (3) (pinworms)

1. Environmental hygiene

2. Regular fecal examination

3. Regular deworming

what is the roundworm parasite known as

Parascaris equorum

what is it (roundworm)

Parascaris equorum

what kind of life cycle (roundworm)

direct

what kind of migration (roundworm)

Tracheal migration.

where do adults live (roundworm)

small intestines

what is the prepatent period (roundworm)

3 months

what animals are most susceptible (roundworm)

less than 18 month foals

Adults develop … and although they may have low levels of infestations, fecal shedding of eggs is low. (roundworm)

age-dependent immunity

clinical signs (14) (roundworm)

1. Unthrifty

2. poor growth rate.

3. Pot bellies

4. rough hair coat.

5. Lethargy

6. inappetence.

7. Migrating larvae damage liver and lungs.

8. cough

9. nasal discharge.

10. diarrhea

11. constipation

12. colic.

13. Death

14. colic

how to diagnose (7) (roundworm)

1. Fecal analysis

2. surgery

3. necropsy

4. poor gut motility

5. abdominal pain

6. respiratory sounds AB

7. nasal discharge seen

how to prevent (2) (roundworm)

1. Regular fecal examination

2. Deworm mare before foaling:

what are Bloodworms known as

Strongyles

what is it (Bloodworms)

strongyles

what are the large strongyles (3) (Bloodworms)

1. Strongylus vulgaris

2. Strongylus edentatum

3. Strongylus equinus

what is the most dangerous large stongyle (Bloodworms)

Strongylus vulgaris

why are Strongylus vulgaris the most dangerous (Bloodworms)

because these larvae crawl up the cranial mesenteric artery to overwinter

what kind of life cycle does large strongyles have (Bloodworms)

direct

where do large strongyles live (Bloodworms)

large intestine

what is the prepatent period for large strongyle (range) (Bloodworms)

200–330 days.

clinical signs of large strongyles (13) (Bloodworms)

1. Poor doing

2. rough-coated

3. pot-bellied foals.

4. Depression.

5. Larvae may cause an aneurysm in the mesenteric artery

6. intermittent colic

7. sudden death.

8. May also cause thromboembolism in the mesenteric arteries.

9. Moderate anemia and eosinophilia.

10. Weight loss

11. Diarrhea

12. Delayed shedding of coat

13. COLIC

how to diagnose large strongyles (3) (Bloodworms)

1. fecal analysis

2. physical exam

3. CBC

4. necropsy

what would be seen in a physical exam for large strongyles (4) (Bloodworms)

1. poor gut motility

2. abdominal pain

3. pale MM

4. poor CRT

what would be seen in a CBC for large strongyles (2) (Bloodworms)

1. Moderate anemia

2. leukocytosis

how to prevent large strongyles (3) (Bloodworms)

1. Regular fecal examinations

2. Reduce contamination of grounds

3. Deworm regularly and move to new grounds afterwards.

what are small strongyles commonly called (Bloodworms)

cyathostomes

what is the life cycle of small strongyles (Bloodworms)

direct

how long can small stronglyes remain encysted in mucosa for (Bloodworms)

2½ years

what kind of migration does small strongyles have (Bloodworms)

Mucosal migration.

what is the prepatent period of small strongyles — days to — years (Bloodworms)

40 days to 2½ years.

what are the clinical signs of small strongyles (7) (Bloodworms)

1. Diarrhea

2. Weight loss

3. depression.

4. Poor doing

5. delayed shedding of coat.

6. Some adults suck blood.

7. Colic

when do most clinical signs occur from small strongyles (Bloodworms)

when the encysted larvae emerge in mass from the gut mucosa.

what season do most clinical signs occur for small strongyles (2) (Bloodworms)

1. late winter

2. early spring

how to diagnose small strongyles (4) (Bloodworms)

1. Fecal analysis

2. necropsy

3. poor gut motility

4. abdominal pain

how to prevent small strongyles (2) (Bloodworms)

1. Regular fecal examinations

2. Reduce contamination of grounds:

what parasites are under tapeworm (tapeworm)

1. Paranoplocephala sp.

2. Anoplocephala sp.

what is it

Anoplocephala sp.

what kind of life cycle (tapeworm)

Indirect

how is it spread (tapeworm)

ingestion of mites

where do adults live (tapeworm)

ileocecal junction

clinical signs (5) (tapeworm)

1. Lethargy

2. Weight loss

3. Colic

4. Dull, dry coat

5. anemia

how to diagnose (8) (tapeworm)

1. Fecal examination

2. Segments on manure

3. Post mortem

4. poor gut motility

5. abdominal pain

6. possible tachycardia

7. Laparotomy

8. Saliva ELISA test

define Laparotomy (tapeworm)

a surgical procedure sometimes used to access and inspect the abdominal cavity for the presence of parasites.

define Saliva ELISA test (tapeworm)

involves collecting saliva samples from horses and testing for antibodies against tapeworm proteins

how to prevent (3) (tapeworm)

1. Regular fecal examinations

2. Rotate pastures

3. Properly timed deworming

What is Anthelmintic resistance?

Resistance is the ability of worms in a population to survive treatments that are generally effective against the same species and stage of infection.

The true goal of dewormer (anthelmintic) is to … and not to …

limit the parasite infection (NOT to eradicate it). 

what is the 3 goals of dewormer

1. To minimize the risk of parasitic disease.

2. To control parasite egg shedding

3. To maintain efficacious drugs and avoid further development of dewormer resistance.

what does AAEP stand for

American Association of Equine Practitioners

what is the low egg count level

1-200 EPG

what is the moderate egg count level

200-500 EPG

what is the high egg count level

>500 EPG

what does EPG stand for

eggs per gram

how does McMaster egg count work

uses sugar (sheathers solution) or NaCl and a glass slide with graph

what does FECRT stand for

Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test

what is deworming schedule for fouls (4)

1. 1st deworming - at 2 months of age

2. 2nd deworming - before weaning (4-6 months of age)

3. 3rd -  at 9 months

4. 4th deworming - at 12 - 14 months