Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

The science of body structure

Physiology

Science of the body functions

Medical imaging

Viewing the inside of the body without surgery

Gross anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Histology

Microscopic anatomy. Examination of tissues with microscope

Histopathology

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions

Homeostasis can be disturbed by…

external or internal stimuli

Neural and endocrine controls

Process of maintaining a controlled condition

Example of sensory receptors

Chemoreceptors (regulate chemical conditions)

Adrenal gland

Releases epinephrine to increase heart and breathing rate

Negative feedback loop

Original stimulus is reversed or stopped

Example of negative feedback loop

Body temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure

4 Components of a feedback loop

Stimuli, receptors, control center, effector

Effector in feedback loop

Receives directions from the control center to produce a response

Positive feedback loop

Original stimuli is intensified

Example of positive feedback

Oxytocin during childbirth (from pituitary gland)

Orbital region

Eyes

Inguinal

Groin

Acromial region

Corner of the shoulder

Coxal region

Hip

Fibular/peroneal

Outer side of leg

Olecranal

Elbow

Popliteal

Behind knee

Sural

Calf

Calcaneal

Heel of foot

Otic

Ear

Scapular

Wings

Subdivisions of dorsal cavity

Cranial and vertebral cavities

Dorsal cavity meninges

Leathery wrapping that protects the spinal cord

Ventral cavity houses

viscera

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm

Compartmentalization

Mechanism where organs work independently to avoid collapse

Serous membranes

Thin slippery membranes that line cavities

Parietal layer

Covers the inside walls of cavities

Visceral layer

Covers the organs to protect them

Serous fluid

Reduces friction around organs so there is no damage