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how do meerkats exhibit altruistic behaviours?
they generate ground calls to warn others of predators in the environment but this draws attention to themselves putting them in danger
cooperative breeding
helping others with reproduction but foregoing breeding for themselves
eusociality
an elaborate form of social organization involving a reproductive division of labor among members, overlapping generations and cooperative care of the offspring
eusociality in ants
one defends the leaf and the other carrier the leaf
social behaviour
the interaction with and responses to other individuals of the same species
cooperation
any positive interaction between individuals, behaviour that if adopted by two or more individuals benefits both
altruism
behavior increase another individual’s fitness for survival of reproductive success at a cost of one’s own fitness
why would individuals risk themselves to help others?
due to shared direct benefits, reciprocity and kin selection
shared benefits in female lions
if only one female lion is caring for her young she faces the cost of energy and potential injury for the benefit of offspring survival but if there were two females offspring survival is more likely and cost isnt as likely
Hawk strategy
fight aggressively
Dove strategy
resolve contest peacefully
dove vs dove
reward split evenly between the two
dove vs hawk
hawk gets the reward and dove gets nothing
hawk vs hawk
split between both but they suffer cost of fighting
if reward is double the cost what is the best strategy?
always play hawk
if cost is double the reward what strategy is best?
fitness of strategies is frequency dependent so if hawk is more common play dove and vice versa
what should you do for the best outcome in the prisoner’s dilemma?
confess/defect always
what should you do in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma?
cooperate on the first encounter then copy opponents last move the following encounters
how do guppies show reciprocity in light of predator inspection?
if they see that their partner is cooperating and going towards the predator they’ll do it too and if the partner is defecting by running away from the predator they’ll do the same
kin selection
difficulty is lessened or disappears when it is remembered that selection may be applied to the family as well as the individual and therefore may gain the desired end
who has better fitness when altruism is directed toward a random individual?
the random person/non altruist
long tailed tits
if they had to choose between kin and non kin in the same social group they predominantly direct altruistic behaviour to kin
who has better fitness if altruism is directed toward a genetic relative?
maybe altruists cause they get direct fitness and the relative gets indirect fitness
hamilton’s rule
we expect greater altruism to be directed towards closer genetic relatives (br>c)
stalk forming cells in social amoeba
they die
spore forming cells in amoeba
they have a chance to disperse and reproduce more amoeba
how do amoeba show kin selection
they discriminate kin from non kin by co aggregating with genetically similar individuals only
how does natural selection fit into this explanation for altruistic behaviour?
shows that it cant favour self sacrificial genes but it can favour self sacrificial individuals if through that sacrifice underlying self sacrificial behaviors are getting passed on too
