Cognitive Psych Exam #2 Content: Memory cont'd and Object Recognition

What is object recognition?

matching new stimuli to old stimuli

What is pattern recognition?

Comparing features of a new stimulus to those of an old one

Describe haptic recognition.

recognizing stimuli through touch

Describe olfactory recognition.

recognizing a stimulus through its smell/scent

What are Rosen's (1926) 3 Levels of Categorization?

1. Superordinate
2. Basic
3. Subordinate

The superordinate level of Rosen's model describes...

something basic and rudimentary (like cutlery)

The basic level of Rosen's model describes...

something more specific but still relatively basic in description (knife, fork, spoon) that share many stimulus features

The subordinate level of Rosen's model describes...

Something more specific and very descriptive in nature. (i.e., soup spoon, steak knife, silver work)

What is bottom-up processing

Processing driven by experience

What is top-down processing?

processing driven by data

What are two things important to remember about visual object recognition?

1. orientation matters
2. structural recognition-based approach

What is the structural recognition-based approach? (And what is important to remember about)?

a feature comparison and less orientation-based approach that relies on 36 primitive shapes and combo of genes to form an object

What is the view-based approach? (VB)

Holistic and viewpoint-dependent approach; not divided into parts, looking at something as a whole

Why does context matter in the VB?

the view-based approach involves top-down processing (see Palmer, 1926)

Who were two people very involved in the concept of scene consistency?

Davenport & Potter

What did Palmer (1929) say about the VB?

select the set scene featured by objects; faster RT for identifying the object correctly (nv)

Davenport and Potter found that...

participants are much quicker when the scene and object are related.

Proactive interference

mixing up the old with the new (i.e., writing "2021" instead of "2022")

Retroactive Interference

mixing up the NEW with the old (i.e., trying to remember an old professor's name but you can only remember your new one's name)

Name two issues with executive control.

1. Mind Wandering
2. Ironic Processes

What is mind wandering in cognitive terms?

shift from primary task to the processing of personal goals

What are ironic processes?

it seems that when you try to tell yourself to focus that the opposite seems to happen (this is part of the 2-factor theory of cognitive control)

What are the 2 parts of the 2-Factor Theory of Control (just the names of the steps)?

1. Intentional Operating process
2. Ironic Monitering

What is the intentional operating process?

activating the appropriate thoughts to achieve goal (within context)

What is Ironic Monitoring?

The unconscious effort to monitor your goal (which can actually just sabotage your focus)

The Unitary View of Memory is a(n).... (opinion/proven fact)

opinion

Stress disrupts executive control. Y/N

Yes

The first part of the Unitary View of Memory talks about...

Immediate memory involving the same cognitive processes as long-term memory (it just represents the currently activated parts of long-term)

The second part of the Unitary View of Memory says that there are...

no loops or sketchpads (but we have evidence for distinction in memory stores)

Who was H.M.? (not the department store)

H.M. was a dude who had his hippocampus removed. He had immediate memory but seriously impaired long-term memory.

Why does time matter in terms of STM and LTM?

some regions are for immediate memory and some for long-term memory; we hold onto information in two different ways (called the inconsistency of memory)

Again, what is the the inconsistency of memory?

we hold onto information in two different ways

What is the aspect of memory decay (in terms of the concept of Forgetting)?

too much time has passed since rehearsal or retrieval

If you haven't found a memory in a while...

it'll be even harder to find

What is interference with retreival?

the overwriting or displacement of interaction (not with storage)

What is nonvisual recognition?

tactile recognition; haptics (imagine what an orange looks or feels like)

What does nonvisual recognition employ in order to recognize an object?

its visual memory system

What sensory feature is not particularly good at its function?

noses are not good at olfactory recognition

What is olfactory recognition?

What does the orange smell like?

What is the olfactory-verbal gap?

it's harder to categorize and identify smells

Are we good at imagining what something looks like and bad at imagining what something smells like? Yes or No? If false, correct it.

Yes

How many neurons do we have for facial recognition?

200

What theory supports the idea of facial recognition?

Eckman's Evolutionary Perspective

What is the Holistic Process (involved in VB)?

1. We have specialized areas in our brain dedicated to facial recognition.
2. good for perceiving threats
3. we subjectively recognize emotions cross-culturally

We understand facial features as a whole, not as specific features. T/F

True

T/F:Inverting faces disrupts facial processing ability.

True

Why is RT so slight in recognizing facial inversion?

Because facial recognition is disrupted, not stopped.

What are first order features?

when we process a face based on relational information

When is second-order relational information disrupted?

When a face is inverted compared to an average face (experiential)

What are two individual differences in facial recognition?

1. Gender
2. Clinical differences

How are gender differences related to facial recognition?

women typically are better at facial recognition (likely due to gender roles and emotional IQ)

How are clinical differences related to facial recognition?

1. prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces, so those w/ the disease rely on other cues to recognize people
2. those on the spectrum can have a hard time recognizing emotion
3. those with schizophrenia perceive their environment differently

What is semantic recognition?

Objects ordered in a specific way in a neural node network

How do we develop our neural network?

through gaining experience and connecting associations between different concepts; categorize concepts based on relation

What are aspects of the semantic and neural networks?

Cognitive economy, spreading activation (RT)

What are subfeatures of the Cognitive economy?

subordinate (informative info) and superordinate (distinctive info)

What does spreading activation involve?

how quickly you can access something based on association-- activation spreads to different things

How do we form categories?

through spreading activation using semantic/ neural networks

What are the 3 types of categories?

1. Definitions (classical)
2. Prototypes (new info)
3. exemplars

What are definitions?

Involve blurred lines (semantic categorizations); this level has lots of mistakes and is feature-dependent and has nothing that deviates from the norm

What is a prototype?

a more flexible and familial-resemblance-based category

What are the three subcategories of a prototype?

1. Sentence verification
2. Production task
3. Rating task

What is sentence verification (prototype)?

"a canary is a bird"

What is a production task?

"name as many birds as you can" (flamingo, owl, canary, robin, thrasher, etc)

What is a rating task?

rating each thing within the category about how like the subject it is (i.e., how bird-like something is)