Overview & Basic Concepts – Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy

Vocabulary flashcards covering key anatomical concepts, terminology, systems, movements, and imaging methods from the Overview & Basic Concepts chapter of Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy.

Clinical Anatomy

Application of anatomy. The anatomical support to explain an injury or disease

Surface Anatomy

Part of Regional anatomy. Visualization of the associated internal structures w/ the palpation of the skin

Systemic Anatomy

Study of the body’s organ systems that work together to perform complex functions.

Clinical (Applied) Anatomy

Anatomy emphasizing aspects important in medical practice, problem-solving, and diagnosis.

Anatomical Position

Standard reference stance: standing upright, head/gaze/toes forward, arms at sides with palms forward, feet parallel.

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane parallel to the median plane; divides body into right and left parts.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Vertical plane at right angles to the median plane; divides body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse (Axial) Plane

Horizontal plane dividing body into superior and inferior parts.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between body parts, usually in the sagittal plane.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between body parts; opposite of flexion.

Abduction

Movement away from the median plane (or spreading digits apart).

Adduction

Movement toward the median plane (or bringing digits together).

Circumduction

Circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in sequence.

Medial (Internal) Rotation

Turning anterior surface of a limb toward the median plane.

Lateral (External) Rotation

Turning anterior surface of a limb away from the median plane.

Pronation

Rotation of forearm so palm faces posteriorly (or inferiorly when elbow flexed).

Supination

Rotation of forearm so palm faces anteriorly (or superiorly when elbow flexed).

Eversion

Turning sole of foot laterally, away from median plane.

Inversion

Turning sole of foot medially, toward median plane.

Protrusion

Anterior movement, e.g., jutting chin forward.

Retrusion

Posterior movement, e.g., pulling chin back.

Elevation

Moving a part superiorly, such as shrugging shoulders.

Depression

Moving a part inferiorly, opposite of elevation.

Integumentary System

Skin: Epidermis + Dermis, Hypodermis, Hair, Nails, Glands

Resistance to trauma —> KERATIN

Barrier against chemicals, UV rays

Sensation

Thermoregulation

Vit. D Synthesis

THICK SKIN - palms, soles, surfaces of finger and toes (thick layer of dead cells stratum corneum) 0.5 mm Epidermis

Thin Skin- Everything else 0.1mm

Epidermis

Epithelium - Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Lacks blood vessels, not many nerve endings

Cells - Keratinocytes, stem (in stratum basale), Melanocytes(“), Tactile (basal layer), Dendritic (in stratum spinosum and granulosum) they are immune cells

Stratum basale

Single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes mostly. Has some of the other cells

Stratum spinosum

Several layer of keratinocytes

Thickest stratum everywhere but the palms and soles

Stratum granulosum

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes - more in thick skin

Stratum lucidum

Thin zone superficial to granulosum seen only in thick skin

Keratinocytes packed with protein eleidin

Stratum corneum

Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells. Thickest on soles and palms

Dermis

Connective tissue w/ collagen, elastic fibers, reticular, fibroblasts and more. Well supplied with vessels, glands and nerve endings

1. Papillary layer - thin zone of areolar tissue by dermal papillae

2. Reticular layer - deeper and thicker. Dense irregular connective tissue

Hypodermis

AKA subcutaneous tissue. Has areolar and adipose tissue. High vasculature

Hypodermic injection = fast absorption

Hair

• Lanugo - fine, unpigmented fetus hair last 3 months of development

• Vellus - At birth replaces almost all Lanugo. 2/3 in women, 1/10 in men, all hair except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp

• Terminal - Longer, coarser, darker. Forms eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp, pubic, etc

Nails

Hard derivatives of stratum corneum

Swollen fingertips w/ hypoxia and flat/concave if iron deficiency

Sweat Glands

Apocrine - stinky areas, thicker fluid, higher content of fatty acids, stress and sex scent

Eccrine - Widely distributed, lots on forearm, palms and soles, cools body, watery fluid

Sebaceous Glands

Oily secretion

Sebum keeps skin and hair from becoming brittle

Ceruminous Glands

Only in external ear canal

Modified Apocrine gland w/ yellow, waxy secretion for protection

Mammary Glands

Milk producing glands w/n females

Modified apocrine sweat gland

Fascia

Dense connective tissue layers that wrap, support, and separate structures.

Fascial Compartment

Surrounds groups of muscles w/ similar functions, sharing same nerve supply. May contain or direct the spread of an infection or tumor.

Bursae

Closed sacs of serous membrane that reduces friction.

Special bursae - pericardial sac, pleural sac, peritoneal sac have 2 layers

CNS System

Posterior horn receives afferent roots

Anterior horn marks the starting point for the efferent root

Ant & Post. roots together are the spinal nerve

Dermatome Landmarks

C2 - Occipital protuberance

C4 - Shoulders

C6 - thumb

C7 - Middle Finger

C8 - little finger

T10 - Umbilicus

L3 - Knee

Rule of 9 Burns

Anterior and Posterior

Head - 9%

Torso - 18%

Arm - 9%

Leg - 18%

Crotch - 1%

Severe burn is more than 20%

Tension lines

Incision across cleavage line more likely to gape, increase healing time and scar tissue

Incision parallel to cleavage lines = less gaping, faster healing, less scar tissue

Intermuscular Septum

Deep fascial sheet separating muscle groups into compartments.

Retinaculum

Thickened band of deep fascia that holds tendons in place across joints.

Bursa

Closed serous membrane sac reducing friction between moving structures.

Synovial Tendon Sheath

Elongated bursa surrounding a tendon in a fibrous tunnel.

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Nervous System

Structurally - Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Functionally - Somatic nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic systems)

CNS

Brain and Spinal Cord - Meninges, CSF

PNS

Nerve fibers and cell bodies that conduct impulses to or away from CNS

• Cranial and spinal nerves

Spinal Nerves

• Posterior rami of spinal nerves supply to synovial joints of vertebral column, deep back muscles, and overlying skin

  • They do not merge to form plexuses

• Anerior rami supply to much larger remaining area, consisting of the skin and hypaxial muscles of the anterior and lateral trunk, and upper and lower limbs

  • Can form plexuses - Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral

Skeletal System

Framework of bones and cartilages providing support, protection, and leverage.

Cartilage

Avascular, semirigid connective tissue providing flexibility where needed.

Compact Bone

Dense bone forming outer shell that provides strength for weight bearing.

Spongy (Trabecular) Bone

Porous bone with trabeculae enclosing red or yellow marrow.

Epiphysis

End of a long bone, initially separated by an epiphysial plate during growth.

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone formed from the primary ossification center.

Periosteum

Fibrous connective tissue covering bone; essential for nourishment and repair.

Synovial Joint

Freely movable joint with articular cartilage and a fluid-filled joint capsule.

Suture

Fibrous joint between skull bones with minimal movement.

Plane Joint

Synovial joint permitting gliding movements, e.g., acromioclavicular joint.

Hinge Joint

Uniaxial synovial joint permitting flexion-extension, e.g., elbow.

Saddle Joint

Biaxial joint with reciprocally concave/convex surfaces, e.g., thumb CMC joint.

Condyloid Joint

Biaxial synovial joint permitting flex-ext plus abd-add, e.g., knuckle joints.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Multiaxial joint allowing widest range of motion, e.g., hip.

Pivot Joint

Uniaxial joint permitting rotation, e.g., atlanto-axial joint.

Muscle Fiber

Elongated multinucleated skeletal muscle cell capable of contraction.

Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Prime Mover (Agonist)

Main muscle responsible for a specific movement.

Antagonist

Muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

Synergist

Muscle that assists the prime mover or fixes a joint.

Fixator

Muscle that stabilizes proximal parts while movement occurs distally.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle tension without change in length; maintains posture.

Concentric Contraction

Isotonic contraction where muscle shortens to produce movement.

Eccentric Contraction

Isotonic contraction where muscle lengthens while generating force.

Lymph

Clear fluid returned to bloodstream via lymphatic vessels, containing proteins and lymphocytes.

Lymphatic Plexus

Network of lymphatic capillaries that begin blindly in tissues.

Right Lymphatic Duct

Vessel draining lymph from right upper quadrant into right venous angle.

Thoracic Duct

Main lymphatic channel draining all body except right upper quadrant into left venous angle.

Neuron

Functional unit of nervous system specialized for rapid communication.

Neuroglia

Supporting, insulating, and nourishing non-neuronal cells of nervous tissue.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Visceral motor system regulating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division

Catabolic part of ANS preparing body for fight-or-flight; cell bodies in T1–L2 IMLs.

Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division

Anabolic part of ANS promoting rest-and-digest; presynaptic fibers in brainstem & S2–S4.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Imaging technique using strong magnetic fields and radio waves to visualize soft tissues.

CT (Computed Tomography)

Imaging method producing cross-sectional X-ray slices reconstructed by computer.

Ultrasonography

Real-time imaging using high-frequency sound waves reflected from body structures.

PET Scan

Nuclear medicine imaging showing metabolic activity via positron-emitting tracers.