LSU PSYC 4008 Baumeister Final Exam

shock therapy

a generic term for anything that threatens the physical or psychological wellbeing.

Shock therapy: malaria therapy

developed by Jauregg; useful in treating general paresis of the insane (GPI, advanced syphilis); made obsolete by antibiotics (penicillin)

Shock therapy: Metrazol-induced seizures therapy

developed by Meduna

Shock therapy: insulin coma therapy

developed by Sakel

Shock therapy: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

developed by Cerletti, is the only shock therapy still used today, used to treat major depression

trans orbital lobotomy

developed by Freeman, "ice-pick lobotomy"

thorazine

caused the decline of shock therapies around 1950s. called the chemical lobotomy; had (usually) irreversible side effects. Began the modern psychopharmacology era, first modern antipsychotic

Lightner Whitmer

est. journal called The Psychological Clinic: A Journal for the Study and Treatment of Mental Retardation and Deviation

Who did the APA credit with establishing clinical psychology? (1996)

Whitmer

Whitmer's clinical psychology was _______ psych

school

Whitmer's psychology helped to:

-diagnose and treat school-related problems

-mental testing

-treatment of speech disorders

-vocational testing and counseling

Whitmer's approach was called:

orthogenics

orthogenics:

deemphasized hereditary, focused on correcting deficiencies through medical and psychological treatment.

-considered "optimistic" because to emphasized environment over genetics

Clinical psych pre-WW2

main activity was mental testing in schools and hospitals, worked under psychiatrists

how was clinical psych initially (around 1920) received by American Psychological Association

other psychologists thought clinical psych was dumb. it was not received well, so clinical psychologists made their own organization

post-WW2 psych

very large number of psychologically damaged war veterans increased the need for psychologists

elements of the 'scientist-practitioner' model of clinical psych (also called Boulder model)

gave science and research priority over practice. made clinicians feel like too much of their work was research, rather than learning about clinical work

what is the PsyD degree?

The doctoral degree in clinical psychology that emphasizes training in the professional application of psychological principles rather than in scientific methodology.

what was the Eysenck study

Eysenck said clinical psych made people worse after reading the efficacy of psychotherapies in treatment of neurosis.

what did the Eysenck study show

72% of patients with no treatment improved, while only 44% receiving psychoanalytic treatment improved, and only 64% of those receiving "eclectic" therapy improved

effects of Eysenck's study

while it was criticized, it made psychologists look into developing new and better forms of therapy, making a shift towards behavioral therapy

behavioral therapy

based on principle that abnormal behavior and psychopathology are learned and can be treated by application of techniques

the two types of learning in behavioral psych

Classical (Pavlov) and Operant conditioning (Thorndike - also called trial and error)

who coined the term behavior therapy?

Eysenck

What did Watson and Jones begin in behavioral pscyh?

early systematic desensitization. Little Albert study

Eysenck's book on behavioral therapy

Behavior Therapy and Neuroses

Wolpe's book on behavioral therapy

The Systematic Desensitization Treatment of Neuroses

conditioned inhibition

aka negative practice or overcorrection. says massed practice causes fatigue, decreasing the behavior

systematic desensitization

developed by Watson, Jones, and Wolpe, most often used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders, based on principle of extinction and/or counter conditioning

aversion therapy

developed in Russia, employs Pavlovian principles - aka classical conditioning , paring unwanted behavior (like drinking alcohol) with an aversive stimulus (an electric shock) to deter the unwanted behavior

Wolpe's systematic desensitization:

stimuli associated with feared object or event are identified and arranged by anxiety provoking potential. participants are systematically exposed to least feared object until the anxiety extinguishes, and then goes to the next feared object until all anxiety is extinguished. used with relaxation techniques

cognitive behavior therapy

started by Ellis and Beck; core principles are how a person feels is related to how they think. people with psychological disorders have irrational thoughts. these therapies are aimed at correcting thought patterns

Aaron Beck

the father of cognitive therapy. focused on identifying and changing patterns of irrational thought

Ellis

rational emotive behavior therapy "musterbation" funny dude, kinda a perv but in a funny way

what is CBT

cognitive behavioral therapy. combines cognitive and behavioral therapies. is the most widely used psychological intervention technique used today

humanistic psychology

rose as an objection to behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

humanists objection to behaviorism?

humanists do not like determinism, and they believe in free will

core principles of humanism

holism, consciousness is real and important, free will and personal responsibility are real and important, focus on what makes us well rather than what makes us sick (positive psychology), focus on individual growth

Maslow

hierarchy of needs, also emphasized the importance of studying psychologically healthy people

Rogers

Client-centered (focused on client's personal growth, not illness); unconditional positive regard; congruence (therapy should be genuine)

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied. possibly where the placebo effect came about. workers were told there would be a study on how to improve work productivity, and automatically, the workers improved their productivity

reasons for the foundation of the American Psychology Society

clinical psychologists felt disrespected by other research psychologists, so they made their own organization (APS)

Cattell (book question)

got lots of press for the creation of the psychological corporation - big testing business

why did cognitive psychology get so big in the last 50 years?

issues with behaviorism

Chomsky

attacked behaviorism, argued against Skinner's explanation of verbal behavior

Piaget

focused on cognitive development through assimilation and accommodation (aka child development). approach is called genetic epistemology

Piaget book question

infants learn cause and effect through repeated actions in early development

Bartlett

method of repeated reproductions, demonstrated that memory is a constructive process

Bartlett and schematas

british people and native american folktale example (repeated reproduction example)

schemata

patterns of thought (mental structures) through which information is organized. piaget thing

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), and formal operational (11+)

emergence of cognitive psychology

importance of information theory in this, information can be defined as a reduction of uncertainty

Who gave cognitive psychology its name?

Ulric Neisser

George Miller

the magical number 7. (plus or minus 2). most human's short term memory can hold about 7 items at a time

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory

role rehearsal is important for short term memory, as it takes in information for sensory register and long term memory

Broadbent

dichotic listening and selective attention

dichotic listening

participants hear 2 different streams of information at the same time using headphones. when information from one channel was attended to, recall for other information stream was poor.

selective attention

our brian selects on information channel to attend to and process while others are filtered out

Lashley

equipotentiality; law of mass action, serial order problem

serial order problem

The sequencing and order of movement behaviors.

equipotentiality

the idea that any part of the cortex is capable of carrying of the function of the damaged area. rejected localization of memory.

law of mass action (Lashley)

its not where the brain was damaged, but how much of the brain was damaged that affects the person

Hebb

learning results from strengthening of the synapses

who is the father of neuropsychology

Hebb

James Gibson

ecological perception, concept of affordance = the opportunity provided by the environment of action

ecological perception

taking whole world into consideration

perception of motion

not just based on how our senses react, but the overall environment

affordance

what can this object do for us

Eleanor Gibson

used visual cliff to study development of depth perception in babies

Festinger

cognitive dissonance,

cognitive dissonance

we avoid holding inconsistent ideas because they create emotional and cognitive discomfort

Milgram

obedience to authority, small world phenomena,

Milgram's experiment on obedience

Participants received explicit order from stern experimenter to administer electric shocks of increasing intensity when the learner makes errors in a word list; groups guessed they would only go up to 135V but 63% went all the way to 450V

small world phenomenon

there is an average of 6 degree of separation between individuals in society

approaches to personality

nomothetic vs idiographic

nomothetic

group oriented, general, broad

idiographic

individual based, focused on the individual, more specific

Murray system of needs

universal basic psychological needs that shape the personality: need for affiliation, need for autonomy, need for order, need for dominance, need for achievement

Murray

Developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) for personality; Personology

personality theory

in depth study on who a person is

Murray's thoughts on academic psychology

believed academic psychology attributed nothing to the knowledge of human behavior

Gordon Allport

trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary

difference between trait and state (Allport's theory)

traits are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion; have heritable component.

states are transitory conditions affected by context

TOTE system

a feed back system made by Miller

information technology theory

information is the reduction of uncertainty

the influence of computer science

companies began using this to promote their own information