MOUTH, NOSE, THROAT 507

what are the 3 salivary glands?

parotid (in cheeks, largest of the three), submandibular, sublingual

what cranial nerve has receptors in the septum?

I (olfactory nerve)

what is the pharyngeal tonsil?

adenoids; clusters of lymphatic tissue

what are the 4 sinuses?

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

function of sinuses?

air-filled pockets that act as resonance chambers for speech and trap debris → easily blocked and are sites of infection

which sinuses are larger & more accessible?

frontal and maxillary (ethmoidal and sphenoidal are smaller and deeper)

what are the 3 sections of the throat?

nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity and houses pharyngeal tonsils and eustachian tube openings), oropharynx (separated from mouth by anterior tonsillar pillars), laryngopharynx (houses larynx, trachea, and esophagus)

characteristics of oral cancer?

broad term for cancers inside the oral cavity, mimics common problems with lips or in mouth but last over 2 weeks → 25% that develop oral cancer have no known risk factors

what are some risk factors for oral cancer?

HPV, tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, family hx

what are some signs and symptoms of oral cancer?

sores on lips or inside mouth that don’t heal, rough crusty areas, functional changes

what is leukoplakia?

white grey patches

what is erythroplakia?

slightly raised or flat red patches

what is erythroleukoplakia?

red and white patches

what is acute vs chronic sinusitis?

acute <4 weeks, chronic >12 weeks

what are the types of sinusitis?

bacterial, viral, fungal → recurrent sinusitis is usually bacteria caused

what are triggers for sinusitis?

common cold, flu, bacteria, nasal and seasonal allergies

what are symptoms of sinusitis?

thick yellow/green discharge, postnasal drip, fever, congestion, pain

what do lesions on the lip indicate?

infections or oral cancer

what do red lips indicate?

polycythemia

what do pale lips indicate?

anemia or shock

leukoplakia vs candida albicans (thrush)?

leukoplakia: chalky white raised patches, seen in smokers and alcoholics, is chronic irritation; thrush: white curd-like patches that can be scraped off

issue with what nerve causes palate to fail to rise and uvula deviation on “ah”?

cranial nerve ten X

what does pharyngitis look like in the throat?

bright red with exudate

characteristics of tonsilitis?

swollen uvula, red swollen tonsils with white patches and yellow/grey coating, tongue coated

how to assess nasal patency?

close one nostril at a time and sniff with mouth closed → absence of sniff could indicate congestion or obstruction

when is a deviated septum a normal finding?

if breathing is not impacted

what does tenderness on the sinuses indicate?

allergies or acute bacterial rhinosinusitis

when do you feel crepitus in the sinuses?

felt in maxillary sinuses with large amount of exudate

aging adult considerations?

taste and smell decr with age, dental changes like tooth loss and peridontal disease, impaired dexterity impacting ADLs