CS301 - Chapter 1

ENIAC

The first electronic computer built in the 1940s.

Hard-drive disk (1956)

The first hard-drive disk, weighing a ton, stored five megabytes.

One-megahertz computer

The type of computer used in the Space Shuttle in 1991.

Internet of Things (IoT)

A web of items embedded with software and connected through the Internet, such as mobile phones and medical devices.

Self-driving cars

Technological advancement that decreases the number of accidents and changes the design of roads.

AI pattern recognition

The capability of artificial intelligence to identify patterns in data.

Ethical theory

Assumes that people are rational and make free choices, which may not always be true.

Deontology

An ethical theory by Immanuel Kant emphasizing duty and the adherence to absolute moral rules.

Utilitarianism

A consequentialist approach that seeks to maximize happiness or utility for the greatest number.

Natural rights

Rights that allow individuals to make their own decisions without interference, based on nature.

Positive rights

Obligations on one group to provide certain things for another, such as access to jobs or healthcare.

Golden rule

A principle stating one should treat others as they wish to be treated.

State of Nature

A concept by Thomas Hobbes describing a scenario where each person acts solely in their self-interest.

Veil of ignorance

A concept by John Rawls suggesting that policies should be fair for all, particularly protecting the least advantaged.

Commercial law

Laws that define rules for economic transactions and contracts to ensure smooth interactions.

Ethical Egoism

The belief that individuals should act in their own self-interest, potentially at the cost of others.

Cultural Relativism

The view that moral truths are not objective and depend on cultural perspectives.

Virtue Ethics

The ethical approach focusing on the development of good habits and character traits.