The structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with cell division

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

Major parts of the cell (3)

nuclear envelop

chromatin

nucleolus

Components of the nucleus

Unicellular

Size of prokaryotes

Multicellular

Size of Eukaryotes

Nucleus of prokaryotes

no true nucleus

presence of nucleus

Nucleus of Eukaryotes

one circular DNA

DNA in prokaryotes

Linear DNA

DNA in Eukaryotes

Absence of organelles

Organelles in Prokaryotes

Presence of organelles

Organelles in Eukaryotes

short and circular

Prokaryotic DNA

longer and is contained in chromosome

Eukaryotic DNA

Gene

are the instructions (piece of DNA sequence) to manufacture proteins, which determine inherited traits

turned on (enhanced)
turned off (repressed)

Gene may be _____ or _____

conditions around the cell

signals received at the cell membrane surface

the specific cell type (determined during development of embryo)

gene expression has different levels of expression and is affected by

mature red blood cells which contain no DNA

sperm and the egg cells that have half the amount of DNA

B cells in which some of the DNA has been rearranged to make antibodies

Exceptions in gene expression

Chromatin

coiled DNA strands to basic proteins called histone and present in metabolically active cells

Chromosome

chromatin that has undergone further condensation and present in actively dividing cells

Chromosomes

Tightly packaged DNA

Found only during cell division

DNA is not being used for macromolecule synthesis

Chromatin

Unwound DNA

Found throughout interphase

DNA is being used for macromolecule synthesis

Heterochromatin, Euchromatin

2 types of Chromatin

Heterochromatin

Types of chromatin
dense clumps under light microscope

tightly coiled around histones

not used by the cell

Euchromatin

Types of chromatin
less coiled portion of the chromosomes, finely granular material electron microscope and lightly stained basophilic areas

used by the cell

Marginal Chromatin

Karyosome

Nucleolar-associated chromatin

Types of heterochromatin

Marginal chromatin

a type of heterochromatin that are at the border of the nucleus

Karyosome

a type of heterochromatin that cluster of highly aggregated chromatin

(staining dots of the cell)

Nucleolar associated chromatin

types of heterochromatin that is found in the nucleolar

uncoiled and not visible

In sex chromatin, males X chromosome is?

one X chromosome remains tightly coiled and visible. one is uncoiled

Sex chromatin in females

Barr body

Sex chromatin is also known as the?

23 pairs

How many chromosomes in cell does the human have

23

How many chromosomes in cell does the germ have

44

how many autosomes does the male and female has?

Haploid

One copy of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes

Diploid

Two copies of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes

Karyotype

It is a complete set of chromosomes inside of the human cell

Turner Syndrome

A sex chromosomes abnormalities that has only 45, X chromosome

Klinefelter Syndrome

A sex chromosomes abnormalities that has 47, XXY chromosomes

p

What is the symbol of the short arm of the chromosomes

q

What is the symbol of long arm of the chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

pair of similar chromosomes and similar because they encode the same traits

Homomorphic chromosomes

the first 22 pairs made of identical partners (morphologically)

Heteromorphic chromosomes

23^rd pair

chromatids

A chromosome consists of 2 parallel strands called

Kinetochore

During mitosis, in which part of the chromosome will the mitotic spindles attach to?

Metacentric

Submetacentric

Acrocentric

Telocentric

What are the morphologic types of chromosomes

Metacentric

What morphologic type of chromosome if centromere is in the middle, and the arms are about of equal length

Submetacentric

What morphologic type of chromosome if the centromere is between the midpoint and one end

Acrocentric

What morphologic type of chromosome if it is near one end

Telocentric

What morphologic type of chromosome if it is at the end

centromere

a constricted region on a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together

kinetochore

portion of the centromere where the mitotic spindle will attach to

–Structures found at the end of the chromosomes

–Protects the chromosome during cell division from deterioration

–Shortens every cell division

What are the function of the telomere