A&P quiz 1

right upper quadrant organs

liver, gallbladder, right kidney, part of the transverse colon

left upper quadrant orgasn

stomach, spleen, left kidney, splenic flexure of colon

right lower quadrant organs

cecum, appendix, ascending colon

left lower quadrant organs

descending colon/ sigmoid colon

epigastric region

stomach, liver, pancreas, transverse colon

hypogastric regioon

bladder, sigmoid colon

epithelial tissue

protection/ covering or secretion/absorption

epithelial membrane

the epi layer + underlying connective tissue

tight junctions

bind cells together to form leak proof sheets

gap junctions

allow comm. between adjacent cells via an open pore

anchoring junctions

prevent cells from being pulled apart to underlying basement membrane

simple epi

single layer of cells anchored to basement membrane

stratified epi

two or more layers, only the deepest layer is anchored

simple squamous

single layer of flat cells (ex; epithelium of lung alveoli permit diffusion of gas)

simple cuboidal

single layer of cube shaped cells, nuceli are centrally located (ex; the epi lining pancreatic ducts)

simple columnar

rectangular, non-ciliated like the lining of the small intestine, nuclei near basal surface, often feature goblet cells

stratified squamous

deep cell layers are cuboidal but closer to apical surface they are squamous

can be keratinized or non-keratinized (ie; skin vs oral cavity)

exocrine gland (glandular epi)

secretes substances intpo ductal system

endocrine gland (glandualr epi)

secrete substances directly into bloodstream

CT

an abundant and widely distributed group of tissues that support, protect, bind, etc

made of three elements (cells, protein fibers, ground substance)

characteristics of CT

several cell types, greater space between cells compared to epi tissue, varying amoutns of ECM, does not occur on free surfaces

examples of connective tissue

bone, blood, adipose tissue, tendons/ligaments, areolar tissue

fibroblasts

“the primary active cell of connective tissue that builds and maintains the structural framework of the body by secreting extracellular matrix proteins like collagen”

located in vascularized tissues

adipocytes

triglycerides stored in a large fat droplet

collagen fibers

synthesized by fibroblasts, long, tensile, most abundant in the body

ground substance

material between cells/ protein fibers

water, proteoglycans, saccharides and proteins, ions

areolar CT

widely distributed in body as it provides structural support, contains all three fibers, type of loose CT

(ie; lamina propria of mucous membranes/ superficial dermis of skin)

adipose tissue

comprised of adipocytes, found within areolar CT, highly vascularized, type of loose CT

reticular CT

contains a network of interwoven reticular fibers

(ie; in lymph nodes )

dense regular CT

bundles of collagen fibers, flattened fibroblasts, able to withstand tensile stress (ligaments and tendons)

dense irregular CT

sheets of closely packed but irregularly arranged collagen fiber bundles, able to withstand pulling forces in many directions, should find collagen/capillaries/nerves but not goblet cells

elastic CT

densely packed, allows stretching and recoil back to original shape

mucous membranes

line the hollow passageways (respiratory, GI tract)

respiratory mucosa

epi layer- cells are anchored to the basement membrane and it has pseudostrat- ciliated columnar epi

Ct layer- lamina propria, support/anchor for the epi layer

serous membranes

parietal layer-adheres to body cavity wall

visceral layer- adheres to organ surface (space between layers is a serous cavity)

epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epi and has keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells and langerhans cells

keratinocytes

most abundant cells, produce keratin(type of protein)

multiple layers of these keratin filled cells surrounded by lipid secretions prevent water loss and provide protection

melanocytes

found in stratum basale and produce melanin

merkel cells

least numerous, located in the stratum basale, contact specialized flattened sensory nerve endings to detect sensations

langerhans cells

type of macrophage, is in the stratum spinosum, engulfs antigens that invaded the epidermis

stratum basale

deepest layer (single row), contains merkel/melanocytes/basal cells

stratum spinosum

8-10 layers of keratinocytes produced by stem cell division in the basal layer, packed closely and anchored by desmosomes

stratum granulosum

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, cells start to die as synthesis of eratin is complete

stratum lucidum

3-5 layers of dead keratinocytes, cells are now full of large amounts of keratin, found in thickskin

stratum corneum

exposed layer, 15-100 layers(depending on what bodily area) of dead keratinocytes, cells are continously replaced by underlying layer

papillary layer

superficial 1/5 of the dermis, areolar CT, contains meissner corpuscles and capillary loops

reticular layer

deep 4/5 of the dermis, dense irregualr CT meaning more provided support and strength, contains capillary loops/ruffini and pacinian corpuscles/ hair follicles/ sweat glands

order of stratum layers

basale (deepest, single layer)

spinosum (8-10 layers)

granulosum (3-5 layers)

lucideum (3-5 layers)

corneum (exposed, 15-100)